城市社区老年人精神支持网构成及影响因素

本文以武汉城区为个案,运用调查数据描述了老年人精神支持网的构成,并分析讨论了老年人自身经济特征对其精神支持网的影响。在此基础上,提出了加强老年人精神支持网建设的两点建议。     

对老年人照料提供者的社会支持

面对老年人口数量剧增、社会养老资源不足、家庭养老仍是多数老人养老主要方式的状况 ,如何使老年人安度晚年已是一个非常重要的议题。以往的研究和社会舆论更多关注的是年轻一代对老年人养老的责任与义务 ,强调家庭养老的作用 ,忽视了老人照顾提供者实际状况的研究以及对他们关心与支持的方法。本文思考了照料提供者的特点 ,提出在我国有条件的地区逐步发展面对照料提供者的服务。     

北京市老年人养老家庭支持力度研究

目前北京市大多数老人选择了家庭养老,因此家庭支持力对这些老年人显得尤为重要。本文利用2005年北京老龄协会调查数据,从经济支持、生活照料支持和精神慰藉支持三个方面分析研究了北京老年人养老家庭支持力及老年人对这方面的评价。     

从全球人口百年(1950～2050)审视我国人口国策的抉择

基于“人口众多”这一基本国情,我国自20世纪80年代前后采取了严格控制人口增长的政策。对于这一政策应科学、全面地衡量其利害得失。文章利用全球人口资料和我国历次人口普查及人口预测资料,从人口规模、结构的发展变化作实证研究。最终认为,我国的人口国策是利大于弊。     

《机械原理》与《机械设计》实验教学改革实践

《机械原理》和《机械设计》两门课程的实验教学在培养学生的综合设计、创新设计能力等方面,有其他课程不可替代的重要作用,针对两门课程传统实验教学中存在的问题,提出了以独立设课为中心的实验教学改革和实践方案,取得了显著的效果。     

中部地区试点新农保的经济可行性研究——以安徽为例

老农保的失败让人们对新农保充满期待的同时也存有几分担忧,他们担心农民的经济承受力,更怕财政不堪重负。为坚定领导层试点、推广新农保的信心和决心,加快新农保发展步伐,文章以安徽为例,在测算推广新农保经济负担的基础上,对中部地区农民个人和政府两方面的经济支持能力进行分析,认为只要制度设计合理,把握好试点、推广的进度,中部地区试点、推广新农保在经济上是可行的。     

Effects of resident-oriented care on job characteristics of nursing caregivers

This study evaluates the effects of the implementation of resident-oriented care on the job characteristics (job autonomy, job demands and social support) of nursing caregivers in three Dutch nursing homes. In a quasi-experimental design, experimental and control groups in both general and psychogeriatric wards were followed for up to 22 months, using a pre-test and two post-tests by means of written questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the intervention appeared to be partly successful. Last post-test regression analyses revealed significant increases in a number of design characteristics of resident-oriented care. Significant increases were noticed on resident assignment, the two variables measuring the nursing process and, in the psychogeriatric experimental group, on resident-oriented tasks (p≤.01). The effects on job characteristics were limited. An indicative increase was shown in contextual job autonomy in the experimental group (p≤.05). The qualitative data derived from the interviews showed that there was still a partly task-oriented division of labour. Further, the delegation of co-ordination tasks to nursing caregivers had not yet been properly achieved. The study concludes with some theoretical and methodological reflections in the light of the findings.     

Decision Support System of Truck Routing and Refueling: A Dual‐Objective Approach

The variable‐route vehicle‐refueling problem (VRVRP) is a variant of the network‐flow problem which seeks, for a vehicle traveling from origin s to destination d, both the route and the refueling policy (sequence of fuel stations to use between s and d) that jointly minimize the fuel cost of operating the vehicle. Commercial‐grade decision support systems that solve the VRVRP are widely used by motor carriers, but they provide heuristic solutions only. Exact methods are available from the academic side, but because they focus on minimizing costs, they tend to cut fuel costs in exchange for increased vehicle miles (which can increase fuel consumptions and pollutants emission). We propose a new approach to the VRVRP that allows carriers to jointly seek the two possibly conflicting goals; minimizing fuel cost and vehicle miles. Computational testing shows that our approach (i) outperforms the commercial software products in both goals, and (ii) finds solutions that require significantly less vehicle miles than those given by the exact method proposed in the academic literature, without incurring unacceptable increases in fuel cost.     

Leadership in the digital era: A review of who,what, when,where, and why

Leadership as a social influence process has always involved a complex set of phenomena that demands an interdisciplinary lens. Leadership scholarship has now entered into a digital era. In a digital era, the overall phenomenon is changing, as are the tools through which we study it, demanding a new “lens” through which we view leadership. Yet, this raises the question, to what extent is leadership different in a digital era? In acknowledgement of this trend, a special issue was commissioned at The Leadership Quarterly that sought to stimulate the imagination of leadership scholars and practitioners. In the current work, we begin with a brief review of who, what, when, where and why of digital leadership. We cover leadership in informal contexts (e.g., social media), generalization from face-to-face to virtual contexts, computational modeling, the leveraging of technology (e.g., machine learning; Big Data), as well methodological how-to guides. We then plot a path forward for leadership scholars in the dawn of the digital era.     

上海外来女工抗逆力研究

本文从抗逆力视角研究外来女工,探索她们在面对困境时的态度、应对之策,以及在此过程中她们的成长和收获,从保护性因素的角度来理解外来女工,并在此基础上提出相应的社会政策和服务建议。