How Do Women in Developing Countries Increase Political Representation in National Assemblies? A Longitudinal Analysis of South Korea

Previous studies have found that political, socioeconomic, and ideological factors are critical determinants of gender equality in political representation. However, these studies have not explained the combined effects of these factors over time in each country. Furthermore, because they focus primarily on Western, developed countries, the experiences of non-Western developing countries have been overlooked. To fill this gap, this article uses data on South Korea from 1948 to 2008 to examine the effects of political, socioeconomic, and ideological factors on the level of women’s political representation. Results indicate that, compared to socioeconomic factors, political and ideological factors are more critical determinants of gender equality in political leadership.     

Not Necessarily Solidarity

Since the idea of “women's rights as human rights” emerged, there has been a wave of international donors, organizations and transnational feminist activists successfully delivering pressure and resources in the struggle to mitigate violence against women worldwide. Through these transnational networks, decisions regarding which local problems to address and how to manage them are often made at the international level. Most scholarship has rightly celebrated the advances for women's rights that have been made possible due to the impact of international organizations and transnational advocacy networks. However, there are many dilemmas that arise from this North-centric approach to assigning and managing priorities – especially among development aid organizations. Coordination with international donors is often necessary and has been a major source of advances. However, there are still some potentially harmful impacts of having to engage in these networks in order to address violence against women – including a disproportionate focus on short-term results while neglecting long-term goals. This article articulates these dilemmas and explains how international feminist human rights norms can be more successfully translated into a stronger sense of solidarity across borders and more sustainable advances for women. Examples are drawn from the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua.     

Women's Attitudes Toward Family Formation and Life Stage Transitions: A Longitudinal Study in Korea

Although it is well documented that family attitudes become less traditional over cohorts, little is known about how individuals' attitudes change over time. More research also is needed on how the within‐individual changes relate to important life stage events such as marriage, childbirth, and transitions in education and work. Evidence is particularly lacking in Asian countries, which have socioeconomic and cultural contexts very different from those in the West. To fill these gaps in the literature, the authors analyzed the attitudes toward family formation of Korean women in their 20s and 30s (N = 6,042). Individual fixed effects regression using the panel data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families revealed that women became more traditional over time and that transitions to marriage and motherhood partly accounted for the change. These findings are explained within the context of very low fertility in Korea and have implications for other rapidly changing societies.     

宫内节育器使用效果的调查分析

对2659例已婚育龄妇女放置宫内节育器(IUD)后1年进行了调查,了解IUD的使用效果。结果显示,农村妇女IUD放置后1年使用率为84.2%,低于城市妇女(P<0.001);带器妊娠和IUD脱落是IUD停止使用的主要原因。应加强技术服务,提高IUD的续用率。     

Labour force participation and marital fertility of Italian women: The role of education

This paper uses data from the 1993 Survey of Household Income and Wealth conducted by the Bank of Italy in order to estimate a reduced form purist model of female marital fertility and labour force participation. It focuses in particular on the effect of formal education on both fertility and labour force participation, and accounts for the potential endogeneity of education. Our estimates show that increasing education up to the upper secondary level exerts ceteris paribus a positive effect on marital fertility at ages 21–39 and that highly educated women postpone fertility and have a higher labour market attachment.I wish to thank participants at the 15 ^th Annual Conference of the European Society for Population Economics 2001 (Athens), the 16 ^{t h} Italian Conference of Labour Economics 2001 (Florence), especially my discussant Emilia Del Bono, the Royal Economic Society Annual Conference 2002 (Warwick), Luca Mancini, Jeremy Smith and the anonymous referee of this Journal for useful comments. The usual disclaimer applies. The Bank of Italy is gratefully acknowledged as the original depository of the Survey of Household Income and Wealth data used in this paper. Funding from the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (MURST) Project Too many or too few? The relationship between population dynamics and socio-economic development is also gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.     

上海建设国际大都市过程中的女性就业问题研究

本文以目前上海市女性从业人口的分布、文化素质、工资收入与就业教育培训等基本现状为出发点,分析上海建设国际大都市过程中女性就业面临的问题,提出解决上海建设国际大都市过程中女性就业问题的对策建议。     

An integrative review of interventions for limiting gestational weight gain in pregnant women who are overweight or obese

ProblemExcessive gestational weight gain in women who are overweight or obese puts them at risk of poor short- and long-term outcomes for maternal and neonatal health. Several interventions have been trialled to encourage women who are overweight or obese to limit gestational weight gain during pregnancy.AimThe aim of this review was to analyse the evidence on interventions to limit gestational weight gain in pregnant women who are overweight or obese.MethodAn integrative review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute approach was conducted. An unlabeled search query of pregnancy, weight, and obesity was conducted in Medline, Scopus and CINAHL, limited to English language, 2010–2020 publications, and primary research on humans. Unlabeled search query of “((pregnancy outcome) OR (prenatal care) OR (pregnancy complications)) AND ((weight loss) OR (weight gain) OR (weight management)) AND (obesity) was used. Additional 9 records were identified through reference lists. Following a critical appraisal, 21 primary research articles were included in this review. A thematic synthesis was undertaken.FindingsFour major themes were identified. These are (1) mixed findings of lifestyle interventions for weight management, (2) ineffectiveness of probiotics or metformin for weight management, (3) psycho-behavioural interventions for weight management, and (4) midwifery role as an integral component in multidisciplinary intervention for weight management.ConclusionThe literature suggests a need for longer duration of behavioural lifestyle intervention sessions led by the same midwife trained in motivational interviewing to limit weight gain in pregnant women who are overweight or obese.     

试论《古兰经》的妇女观

随着西方基督教国家女权运动的兴起和发展,妇女在伊斯兰教中的地位似乎凸显为一个不小的问题。其实,只是在经历了历史上的牺牲和痛苦的奋斗之后,西方妇女至今才开始获得《古兰经》在十几个世纪前就已为穆斯林妇女所确立起来的地位。《古兰经》赋予妇女与男子平等却不相同的权利这一事实表明,伊斯兰教破除了犹太—基督教传统有关＂夏娃＂是人类犯下＂原罪＂的罪魁祸首的情结,真正给予女性应得的权利,承认并尊重女性的独立人格。     

试论近代中国的女子警察

近代中国女警正式设于1932年冬季,世界各强国创设女警的潮流,近代女性社会地位的提高及女警自身的独特优势,使得近代中国女警察的出现成为可能。南京国民政府制定了招收与培养女警的具体方案,并在几个城市得到不错的实施。不少女警从事与男警一样的工作,女警因自身的优势受到特别的训练,说明女性的能力受到重视,他们与公共空间的接触也更大。警察制度因女警的出现而得到进一步完善。