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11.
While neoclassical economic theory sheds insight into the way that audit rates and penalty rates interact when individuals decide to declare income for taxation, it predicts far lower levels of compliance than observed levels of compliance. This paper analyses experimental responses to explore a dynamic interaction between audit and penalty rates as individuals learn how to comply with taxation. It compares the responses of subjects in experiments with responses that are predicted when individuals rely on an adaptive learning process (that offers information feedback about decision payoffs). This comparison suggests that learning is an important consideration when explaining differences between predicted and observed levels of tax compliance. 相似文献
12.
本文对基层民主自治进程中乡村计划生育政策落实的困境及出路进行了探讨。基层民主自治是我国的一项基本政治制度,实行基层民主自治是发展中国特色社会主义民主政治的重要内容。但是在乡村推行基层民主自治的过程中,乡村计划生育政策的落实陷入一些困境,这些困境集中表现为计生政策与村民生育愿望、与村委会选举、与社会保障体系、与利益导向机制及与其它相关部门和政策的冲突与矛盾。鉴于此,本文相对应地提出了加强宣传教育、完善村民自治、健全社会保障体系、健全舆论导向机制以及加强政策的同向性与协调度等对策建议,以期推动计划生育政策在乡村进一步落实。 相似文献
13.
Using country-level data from 2003–2014, we examine the association between auditing level (measured as number of verification actions taken by tax authorities per 100 taxpayers in each country) and tax compliance (measured as business executives’ perception of tax evasion). Our hypothesis is that compliance increases until a certain auditing level is reached, and decreases beyond that level (i.e., an elevated auditing level backfires). In line with our expectation, the results of a series of tests indicate that there is a U-shaped association between auditing and tax evasion. We discuss how a potential backfiring effect may depend on the extent to which compliance is voluntary. 相似文献
14.
The disease burden of pathogens as estimated by QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and EA (epidemiological analysis) often differs considerably. This is an unsatisfactory situation for policymakers and scientists. We explored methods to obtain a unified estimate using campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands as an example, where previous work resulted in estimates of 4.9 million (QMRA) and 90,600 (EA) cases per year. Using the maximum likelihood approach and considering EA the gold standard, the QMRA model could produce the original EA estimate by adjusting mainly the dose‐infection relationship. Considering QMRA the gold standard, the EA model could produce the original QMRA estimate by adjusting mainly the probability that a gastroenteritis case is caused by Campylobacter. A joint analysis of QMRA and EA data and models assuming identical outcomes, using a frequentist or Bayesian approach (using vague priors), resulted in estimates of 102,000 or 123,000 campylobacteriosis cases per year, respectively. These were close to the original EA estimate, and this will be related to the dissimilarity in data availability. The Bayesian approach further showed that attenuating the condition of equal outcomes immediately resulted in very different estimates of the number of campylobacteriosis cases per year and that using more informative priors had little effect on the results. In conclusion, EA was dominant in estimating the burden of campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands. However, it must be noted that only statistical uncertainties were taken into account here. Taking all, usually difficult to quantify, uncertainties into account might lead to a different conclusion. 相似文献
15.
Diana Hernández Yang Jiang Daniel Carrión Douglas Phillips Yumiko Aratani 《Journal of Children and Poverty》2016,22(2):77-92
The costs for rent and utilities account for the largest share of living expenses, yet these two critical dimensions of material hardship have seldom been examined concurrently in population-based studies. This paper employs multivariate statistical analysis using American Community Survey data to demonstrate the relative risk ratio of low-income renter-occupied households with children experiencing ‘rent burden', ‘energy insecurity', or a ‘double burden’ as opposed to no burden. Findings suggest that low-income households are more likely to experience these economic hardships in general but that specific groups are disproportionately burdened in different ways. For instance, whereas immigrants are more likely to experience rental burden, they are less likely to experience energy insecurity and are also spared from the double burden. In contrast, native-born African Americans are more likely than all other groups to experience the double burden. These results may be driven by the housing stock available to certain groups due to racial residential segregation, decisions regarding the quality of housing low-income householders are able to afford, as well as home-country values, such as modest living and energy conservation practices, among immigrant families. This paper also points to important policy gaps in safety net benefits related to housing and energy targeting low-income households. 相似文献
16.
17.
Financial Issues Associated with Having a Child with Autism 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Data from the Family Experiences with Autism Survey are used to identify factors associated with financial problems in families
that have a child with autism. Likelihood of financial problems was positively associated with use of medical interventions,
having unreimbursed medical or therapy expenses, and having relatively lower income. Use of speech and language therapy was
negatively associated with likelihood of financial problems. Many survey respondents forfeited future financial security and
even experienced bankruptcy to provide needed therapy for a child with autism. Specific ways that financial advisors can help
families that have a child with autism are outlined.
相似文献
Dana Lee BakerEmail: |
18.
税收是解决资源和环境问题的重要政策工具。它可激励企业创新和应用先进技术减少资源消耗和污染物的排放。西方国家税制绿化改革为我国提供了值得借鉴的经验。我国应逐步完成费改税等改革并完善现有资源环保税收体系以促进我国循环经济的发展。 相似文献
19.
农村公共产品生产与农民负担问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
吴业苗 《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,30(3):105-112
在农民与乡村组织的长期交易过程中,不管农民在改革前后有没有意识到负担的存在及其严重程度,农村公共产品的决策机制还是无情地让弱势农民承担了大部分农村公共产品的生产。农村税费改革与农业税取消的政策从根本上减轻了农民负担,然而与此同时,一贯依赖于农民负担的农村公共事务与公益事业的处境也将更加尴尬。只有选择好与农村发展要求相适应的公共产品生产路径,才能切实减轻农民负担。 相似文献
20.
完善我国个人所得税制的思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
个人所得税是调节国家与个人利益分配关系的重要杠杆,随着我国经济的快速发展、居民收入水平的大幅提高,个人所得税将是一项最有前途、最有发展潜力的税种。但我国个人所得税政策不尽人意,执行起来既失公平,又欠效率。文章分析了我国个人所得税制存在的问题,提出了相应的对策。 相似文献