The Impact of Dementia:

Even though only one person in the marital relationship is likely to have the diagnosis, demenita really has two victims-the inflicted spouse and the caregiver. Research on both these 'victims' to date, has been largely restricted to furthering an understanding of the issues from a medical and stress/burden perspective. Only limited attention has been given to addressing the psychodynamic issues which evolve in reaction to the disease process. These issues however, have important implications on service needs and utilization and warrant exploration. Self psychology offers a promising framework for doing this. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of dementia on the marital unit using this theoretical perspective.     

证明责任分配规则的本土化展开——以幽灵抗辩的应对方案为中心的考察

刑事诉讼中的证明责任,一般而言是由控诉方承担,这是一个基本的原则。而被告人不负证明责任,则符合无罪推定以及保护被告人权利的证据规则。然而,僵化的证明责任的分配原则给控诉方带来了很大的负担。幽灵抗辩的出现使得这种证明成为控诉方不能承受之重,证明责任分配的公平游戏规则此时已经变得不再公平了。刑事证明规则应当借鉴英美证据法上出现的＂积极抗辩＂理论,来修正原先过于僵化的证明责任规则,并最终来解决这个困境。     

唐后期两税法下纳税人的税收负担水平新探

关于唐朝两税法下纳税人的税负水平及其经济影响,前辈学者评说不一.通过量化分析可以发现,两税法下纳税人法定的两税斛斗及其附加的粮食负担率,以及两税钱谷的产值负担水平,只比唐前期分别高出3.8和3.7个百分点.其后物价下降,田亩税增长约2个百分点.由于两税法本身的制度性缺陷,加之唐后期行业税率差的存在引发的农业人口向非农产业的流动,以及为维持政府收入而在各地普遍实行的"摊逃",制约了两税法对农业经济发展的促进作用,加剧了唐朝后期地区间经济发展的不平衡.     

Tax evasion, tax morale and policy maker's effectiveness

This paper aims to show that aggregate tax evasion may be largely explained by tax morale and that tax morale is dependent on the taxpayers’ intrinsic attitudes to honesty and social stigma. The theoretical hypothesis is that these attitudes are influenced by the taxpayers’ perceptions of the size of tax evasion as well as by their perceptions of the policy maker's effectiveness in exercising control over the relevant macroeconomic variables and safeguarding the interests of citizens. Applying Gordon's [Gordon, J.P.F., 1989. Individual morality and reputation costs as deterrents to tax evasion. European Economic Review 33(4), 797–805] framework, a dynamic model of aggregate tax evasion is proposed whereby multiple equilibria may emerge. Econometric analysis on Latin American countries supports the assumptions made in the model.     

税收竞争理论文献综述

本文从税收竞争理论的起源到发展对税收竞争文献进行了综述。基础的税收竞争模型讨论了资本税竞争的效率损失问题,发现资本税的竞争会导致过低的税率和公共品供给水平。此后,在基础税收竞争模型中加入非对称竞争、劳动的移动、多种税收工具、不完全信息、不完全竞争和承诺问题等因素,发现税收竞争也有提高效率的作用。与最初的税收竞争文献相反,近来的研究发现垂直税收竞争和双边税收协定也会导致过高的税率和公共品供给水平。     

浅谈中小企业税务风险化解及防范

中小企业税务风险通常指企业未能遵守国家税务法律法规而导致企业未来利益受损的可能性,企业应纳税而没有纳税,将来面临补税、罚款、加收滞纳金。中小企业的税务风险主要表现为:中小企业故意违反税法产生的税务风险;企业非故意违反税法产生的税务风险;税收政策调整或主管税务机关责任带来的税收风险;企业税收筹划带来的风险。中小企业防范和化解税务风险的举措表现为:牢固树立税务风险意识;提高涉税人员的业务素质;建立健全企业税收控制制度;营造良好的税企沟通机制。     

我国退休年龄延迟设计研究

本文针对当前我国＂未富先老＂、人口红利对经济增长的促进作用减弱及因人口老龄化进程加速而引起的社会养老负担过重等问题,依据人均预期寿命、劳动者参加工作的初始年龄和不同类型劳动对人体体力要求的差异等,就从事不同类型劳动的退休年龄标准进行了延迟设计。然后以国际上自我养老负担系数的合理取值范围为标准,就延迟设计方案的自我养老负担系数进行了测算。结果表明：延迟设计方案的退休年龄标准在当前及未来较短时期比较适合我国国情。但随着人均预期寿命的增长,也要结合自我养老负担系数的合理取值范围对退休年龄逐步调整,才能有效解决我国因人口老龄化逐步加深而引起的各种社会经济问题。本文试图为我国调整退休年龄标准提出可供借鉴的依据,进而有效地解决我国因人口老龄化逐步加深而对社会经济发展造成的负面影响。     

减税有利于高新技术“僵尸企业”的创新吗?

研究政府减税何以提升高新技术“僵尸企业”的创新能力,对推动我国供给侧结构性改革和落实创新驱动发展战略具有重大的理论与现实意义。本文使用2008-2014年全国创新调查企业数据库,借鉴ABBGH(2005)的一般均衡模型,界定了高新技术“僵尸企业”的概念与识别方法。主要发现:第一,给高新技术“僵尸企业”减税对企业创新存在显著促进效应,尤其对创新型“僵尸企业”减税存在较强的“杠杆效应”;第二,给高新技术“僵尸企业”减税对企业创新的促进效应显著高于非高新技术“僵尸企业”;第三,政府对偏向科研固定资产投资的创新型“僵尸企业”和倾向基础科学研究的效率型“僵尸企业”增加减税额度更有利于激发企业的创新活力,是促使高新技术“僵尸企业”起死回生的重要途径。政府可利用创新型“僵尸企业”“重资产、轻科研”与效率型“僵尸企业” “重科研、轻资产”的创新策略优化税收优惠政策,为平稳、持续、高效推动我国供给侧结构性改革和创新驱动发展提供新的治理框架。     

Does the Representation of Household Behavior Matter for Welfare Analysis of Tax-benefit Policies? An Introduction

A widely shared intuition holds that individual control over money matters for the decision process within the household and the subsequent distribution of resources and welfare. As a consequence, there are good reasons to depart from the unitary model of the household and to explore the possibilities offered by models of the family accounting for several decision makers in the household and for the potential impact of tax reforms on the balance of power. This paper summarizes both the methodological and empirical findings presented in the next three papers of this special issue of the Review of the Economics of the Household. This series of contributions primarily entails a concrete comparison of the policy implications of the choice between the unitary and a particular multi-person representation: the collective representation. On the one hand, it suggests a methodology to implement the collective model of labor supply in a realistic context where participation is modeled together with working hours, and where the full tax-benefit system is accounted for. On the other hand, the empirical part relies on comprehensive simulations of tax reforms in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and allows to quantify the distortions that may affect policy recommendations based on the unitary model.

佛山第三产业地税收入增长影响因素实证分析

佛山占GDP三分之一的第三产业提供了佛山地税收入的三分之二,第三产业对地税收入的贡献巨大。为厘清各种因素对第三产业税收入影响,文章应用2003-2009年数据通过指数体系法对佛山地税收增长进行测算。研究发现,名义经济增长对佛山市地税收入增长的贡献为115.85%,其中实际经济增长贡献为97.34%,物价因素对地税收入的贡献为18.51%,其他因素(征管和政策)的贡献为负值-15.85%。由此提出佛山地税应在加强征管的同时,大力发展总部经济和生产性服务业的建议,以培育第三产业的经济税源。