Managing the Risk of Aggressive Dog Behavior: Investigating the Influence of Owner Threat and Efficacy Perceptions

Aggressive behavior in pet dogs is a serious problem for dog owners across the globe, with bite injuries representing a serious risk to both people and other dogs. The effective management of aggressive behavior in dogs represents a challenging and controversial issue. Although positive reinforcement training methods are now considered to be the most effective and humane technique to manage the risk of aggression, punishment‐based methods continue to be used. Unfortunately, there has been little scientific study into the various factors influencing whether dog owners choose to use positive reinforcement techniques to manage aggression in their dogs. As such, current understanding of how best to encourage and support dog owners to use these methods remains extremely limited. This article uses a survey methodology based on protection motivation theory (PMT) to investigate the factors that influence owner use of positive reinforcement methods to manage aggressive behavior, in an attempt to understand potential barriers and drivers of use. In addition, the article provides an initial exploration of the potential role of wider psychological factors, including owner emotional state, social influence, and cognitive bias. Findings show that the perceived efficacy of positive reinforcement methods and the perceived ability of owners to effectively implement the technique are both key factors predicting future intentions and current reported use. Future interventions should focus on enhancing owner confidence in the effective use of positive reinforcement techniques across multiple scenarios, as well as helping owners manage their own emotional responses when they encounter challenging situations and setbacks.     

The triggers of local and distant search: Relative magnitude and persistence in explaining acquisition relatedness

Research on problemistic search has assumed negative attainment discrepancy to be the trigger of both local and distant search. Extending this research, we present and compare two additional triggers: (1) relative attainment discrepancy, which reflects how much a firm's attainment discrepancy deviates from its past negative attainment discrepancies; and (2) persistent attainment discrepancy, which reflects how often the firm experiences below-aspirations performance. Our triggers for distant search model a behavioral explanation for the timing and relatedness of acquisitions. We find support for baseline arguments of problemistic search whereby firms increase both industry- and skill-related acquisitions when they perform below aspirations. When they persistently perform below aspirations, however, this likelihood is reduced and firms engage in acquisitions that are more unrelated, thereby providing support for the notion of expanding search boundaries from local to distant search. Of the two triggers of distant search proposed, relative attainment discrepancy does not induce firms to expand search boundaries. Our results indicate that persistent attainment discrepancy is a key construct to consider when studying the expansion of search boundaries.     

网购环境下在线零售商的退货运费承担策略研究

在电子商务环境下，宽松的退货政策能够刺激需求，促进货品销量的增长，但与此同时也导致了退货量的增多。在面临高退货，特别是无缺陷退货不断攀升的挑战下，在线商家应如何制定合理的退货策略成为值得研究的一个问题。本文主要针对退货运费承担问题，重点比较消费者承担退货运费、商家承担退货运费、双方共同承担退货运费三种策略，探讨不同策略下在线零售商的最优定价及其盈利能力。研究结果表明：为实现利润最大化，在线零售商应根据商品的无缺陷退货比例特征选择相应的策略。具体而言，当商品的无缺陷退货比例较低时，宜采用消费者承担退货运费策略；当无缺陷退货比例高时，宜采用商家承担退货运费策略；当无缺陷退货比例居中时，宜采用共同承担退货运费策略。值得注意的是，退货政策的目的是为了刺激需求的增长，但有时退货政策对需求的促进作用不够理想，不能抵消退货的负面影响，那么这种情况下则无论无缺陷退货占比如何，在线零售商的最佳退货策略只能是让消费者承担退货运费，以此避免更多非理性退货行为的发生。     

Ecological Risk – Benefit Analysis of a Wetland Development Based on Risk Assessment Using Expected Loss of Biodiversity

Ecological risk from the development of a wetland is assessed quantitatively by means of a new risk measure, expected loss of biodiversity (ELB). ELB is defined as the weighted sum of the increments in the probabilities of extinction of the species living in the wetland due to its loss. The weighting for a particular species is calculated according to the length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree that will be lost if the species becomes extinct. The length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree is regarded as reflecting the extent of contribution of the species to the taxonomic diversity of the world of living things. The increments in the probabilities of extinction are calculated by a simulation used for making the Red List for vascular plants in Japan. The resulting ELB for the loss of Nakaikemi wetland is 9,200 years. This result is combined with the economic costs for conservation of the wetland to produce a value for the indicator of the cost per unit of biodiversity saved. Depending on the scenario, the value is 13,000 yen per year-ELB or 110,000 to 420,000 yen per year-ELB (1 US dollar = 110 yen in 1999).     

Long‐Term Debt and Optimal Policy in the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level

The fiscal theory says that the price level is determined by the ratio of nominal debt to the present value of real primary surpluses. I analyze long‐term debt and optimal policy in the fiscal theory. I find that the maturity structure of the debt matters. For example, it determines whether news of future deficits implies current inflation or future inflation. When long‐term debt is present, the government can trade current inflation for future inflation by debt operations; this tradeoff is not present if the government rolls over short‐term debt. The maturity structure of outstanding debt acts as a “budget constraint” determining which periods' price levels the government can affect by debt variation alone. In addition, debt policy—the expected pattern of future state‐contingent debt sales, repurchases and redemptions—matters crucially for the effects of a debt operation. I solve for optimal debt policies to minimize the variance of inflation. I find cases in which long‐term debt helps to stabilize inflation. I also find that the optimal policy produces time series that are similar to U.S. surplus and debt time series. To understand the data, I must assume that debt policy offsets the inflationary impact of cyclical surplus shocks, rather than causing price level disturbances by policy‐induced shocks. Shifting the objective from price level variance to inflation variance, the optimal policy produces much less volatile inflation at the cost of a unit root in the price level; this is consistent with the stabilization of U.S. inflation after the gold standard was abandoned.     

品牌区域市场资源竞争及品牌分布规律

本文基于生态学原理,探讨了同类品牌区域市场资源竞争问题以及品牌自由分布规律,给出了同类品牌资源竞争及分布规律对我国企业实施名牌战略的几点启示.     

新世纪会计的发展趋势

新世纪会计将有重大的发展。进入新的千年,在发展知识经济的条件下,会计仍将具有重要地位。会计的重心在管理,建立管理型会计模式,会计要逐步实现现代化。会计核算向多方面、高质量方向发展;会计管理向全方位、知识管理方向发展;会计学向综合化、细化、边缘化方向发展;会计发展在于创新。     

销售时信息披露的公平原则与互利原则

本文通过对销售商向消费者披露产品的信息的责任和义务的分析,比较了信息披露道德的公平原则和互利原则.指出了信息披露的伦理要求,应根据各种具体问题的不同适当地在公平原则和互利原则之间定位.     

面向服务的复杂成形装备产品架构设计与优化

复杂成形装备作为高端制造产业的基础装备,是各产业转型升级和技术进步的重要保障。同时快速发展的互联网与大数据等新兴信息技术已经成为装备制造业创新不可或缺的组成部分,极其深刻地影响着复杂成形装备产业的制造模式、发展战略以及产品的开发方式。本文研究了面向服务的复杂成形装备产品架构设计与优化方法。采用公理化设计的域结构思想,建立需求域、功能域和架构域之间的映射关系;提出了基于QFD的功能生成方法以及功能模型约简方法;利用DMM建立产品架构和服务架构之间的关联关系;利用模块化理论方法,并考虑成本因素对产品架构进行优化。     

基于决策的保险业务资本配置和业务规模精算研究

以两目标决策模型为基础,在提出凸性是残余风险测度的自然性质的条件下,将经济资本分配解释为实现公司利润最大化目标及风险残余最小化目标下的资本分配结果;接着在非严格增和不连续边际分布条件下给出了基于两目标分层模型的经济资本分配的唯一次优解;最后给出了资本约束条件下的两目标决策优化的业务规模上界。