司马迁的孔子删《诗》说

司马迁的孔子删《诗》说,到宋代形成学术讨论的焦点。结合司马迁提出这个问题的学术思想背景及其观点的形成过程,可以看出司马迁是在他父亲说法基础上提出孔子删《诗》说的,是他父亲观点的发展,是一种附会的说法。司马迁认为孔子删述六经是承传先王道统,是为后代立法的盛举,自己的修撰史书也是同类性质的行为。他提出这一观点,目的是为修撰《史记》寻找理论依据。     

Reminiscence Group for Chinese Older People-A Cultural Consideration

Abstract

Literature abounds with discussions on the therapeutic effects of reminiscence groups for older people. To ensure their effectiveness in Chinese societies, helping professionals should take into account the specific cultural values and experiences of older Chinese people. This paper draws on the experiences of social work students in Hong Kong and offers suggestions in five areas in the design and implementation of a reminiscence group in order to make the therapy culturally sensitive: membership, group content, the interaction process, identifying and appreciating the positives and the leadership style of the helping professionals.     

试论降清汉族知识人在清初的军事贡献

尽管备受时人和后世诟病,但降清汉族知识人凭借其丰富的儒家知识和治国经验,无论是在追剿李自成农民军残余方面、打击南明政权方面,还是在清初镇压地方社会叛乱,维护社会秩序等方面均发挥了积极的军事谋略作用。肯定他们的客观作用,对于准确把握明末清初的形势及清朝统一多民族国家的建立及巩固具有重要意义。在参与方式上,他们或出谋划策,或直接投身战斗之中,从而为清初的社会稳定,政权巩固发挥了积极作用。     

A Pilot Study About the Needs of Older Gays and Lesbians

Abstract

In a pilot study, a population of gay and lesbian elders were surveyed to determine what types of long term plans they have made in preparation for their old age, what types of information they feel service providers need to know to better meet their long-term needs, and what is their perception of aging. The results of this pilot study demonstrated that almost three-fourths of the total sample have started to make plans for growing old. The respondents reported that social workers needed to be more knowledgeable about gay lifestyles and the importance of their partners. It was also found that the views of aging became more positive as the gay and lesbian individuals grow older.     

“五四”进步青年确立马克思主义信仰的动因分析——兼论其对当代大学生政治信仰教育的启示

马克思主义是因其独特的社会改造功能契合了近代中国救亡图存的历史主题,而在社会主义运动风起云涌之际,经过进步青年自觉主动的理性比较和实践推求后成为＂五四＂一代进步青年的政治信仰。＂五四＂进步青年确立马克思主义信仰的历史经验诠释了马克思主义理论教育的一些基本原则,它对今天的政治信仰教育依然具有借鉴意义。     

据《说文》谐声、《诗经》押韵及少数民族诗歌格律再论古韵押韵原则

新派古音学者普遍认为,一个韵部中往往包含有多个不同主要元音的对立,而且元音还有长短的对立。但是,汉藏语系少数民族的诗歌押韵、《诗经》押韵以及《说文》谐声,都没有长短元音押韵的事例,只会偶见不同元音的韵母押韵。即便在有长短元音对立的语言里,新派古音学者所说的这些对立也不能鲜明地区分开来。《说文》的谐声系统、《诗经》的押韵系统以及少数民族的诗歌押韵系统均表现出主要元音相同或相近、韵尾相同的押韵原则。     

Measures of Restoration in Geriatric Care Residences

Abstract

In this paper, we have studied how elderly people's frame of mind influences their response to experiencing nature, measured in terms of blood pressure, pulse rate, concentration and results from protocols. Two theories concerning the importance of psychological balance have been put forward earlier by Lawton and Kiiller, both of whom maintain that the surrounding everyday environment is one of the keys to a harmonious existence. We present findings supporting the theory that the positive experience of natural surroundings per se has a balancing and healing effect.

We have found that the people most affected by their surroundings are those with the greatest psycho-physiological imbalance. When the balance tilts, the balancing effect of the green experience can restore the individual to a state of better harmony. Time spent in the outdoors is, thus, especially important for individuals who easily lose their equilibrium or find it difficult to make compensatory changes to restore harmony on their own.

The research project is an intervention study in which fifteen elderly individuals living at a home for very old people participated. Their power of concentration, blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after an hour of rest in a garden and in an indoor setting, respectively. Seven elderly people were randomly chosen to have their first series of tests in a garden, while eight elderly people had their first series of tests indoors. The results indicate that power of concentration increases for very old people after a visit in a garden outside the geriatric home in which they live, as compared to resting indoors in their favorite room.

The results did not show any effects on blood pressure or heart rate.

However, when we compared these results with the background variables, we found interesting correlations. Background variables included how often they took part in social activities, showed helpfulness toward other residents in group activities and tolerance/critique of other residents. After a factor analysis, the background variables formed three distinct factors, one of which showed significant correlation with blood pressure and heart rate: the factor psycho-physiological balance, with the variables “degree of tolerance,” “degree of helpfulness” and “frequency of hospital visits.” Elderly people with low psycho-physiological balance, that is, who had low tolerance of other residents, were not helpful in group activities and had a high frequency of hospital visits, were most affected by a stay in a garden, as could be measured in changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The results may be interpreted as showing that a garden can restore an elderly person with low psycho-physiological balance to a state of better harmony.

The present study show, first, that an outdoor visit is important for recovery from stress and fatigue and, second, that the improvement is especially significant for the most susceptible. Thus, it is of particular importance that weak groups, such as elderly in great need of care, have access to an outdoor space. Such groups are likely to include many people who are in psycho-physiological imbalance.     

《最蓝的眼睛》的反讽艺术

新批评认为反讽是语境对一个陈述的明显歪曲,反讽的描写包含着与字面相反或相背离的含义,蕴涵了比直接话语言说更为有力的悖论和无奈。莫里森在其处女作《最蓝的眼睛》中创造性地运用了反讽这一现代艺术特征来塑造人物,突出了黑人在白人文化语境中所遭遇的生存困惑和心理戕害。借助小说中的人物刻画,莫里森意在指出族人的出路与未来不是心理漂白,而是植根于本民族的文化,坚持与传承本族文化的优秀传统和其独特性。     

元上都咏史诗的内容及其意义分析

咏史诗中诗人的历史观能够体现一个时代的思想与人文精神。元上都咏史诗的题涉及到李陵、苏武等,各民族咏史诗人对这些历史人物的传统价值观认定并没有因为统治主体的更替而发生变化,中国古代文人基本传统价值观得以赓续,明显受到儒家传统的忠孝节义价值观的影响。这说明:元代的文化政策是开明、开放的,也是宽松的;也是元代多元文化和谐共处并能够相互融合、共同发展的生动例证;其中由咏史引发的国家强大的自豪感,是中华民族凝聚力、向心力在元代生动而具体的写照,说明中华民族的共同认知已逐渐形成。