长安之旅:康熙帝西巡探讨

康熙四十二年秋冬之际,康熙帝巡幸西安,以往被看作是经营和抚定蒙藏边疆之举,从西巡的主要内容来看,一是考察吏治民风,属于对内行政,也是儒家治国理念中强调的,借以表达对儒家治国政治文化的认同;另一方面是练兵阅军,强调军队的战斗力,表明重视骑射的清朝国策。康熙帝通过密切君主与臣民关系、祭奠山川与名人树立了认同儒家文化与中国历史的勤政爱民的圣君形象。无论是西巡的内容还是表达的意义,都在展示以儒家政治文化治国的象征性,阐释着统治的正统性与合法性。     

新疆导游的心理素质与培养训练

本文根据 1999年 4月对新疆导游强化班心理素质调查问卷所得数据 ,对新疆旅游业进行阐述和分析 ,指出新疆导游的心理特点及应具备的心理素质。提出新疆导游心理素质培养训练中系统心理知识学习、情境训练、项目竞赛的意见     

Robust Resource Allocation Decisions in Resource‐Constrained Projects*

The well‐known deterministic resource‐constrained project scheduling problem involves the determination of a predictive schedule (baseline schedule or pre‐schedule) of the project activities that satisfies the finish–start precedence relations and the renewable resource constraints under the objective of minimizing the project duration. This baseline schedule serves as a baseline for the execution of the project. During execution, however, the project can be subject to several types of disruptions that may disturb the baseline schedule. Management must then rely on a reactive scheduling procedure for revising or reoptimizing the baseline schedule. The objective of our research is to develop procedures for allocating resources to the activities of a given baseline schedule in order to maximize its stability in the presence of activity duration variability. We propose three integer programming–based heuristics and one constructive procedure for resource allocation. We derive lower bounds for schedule stability and report on computational results obtained on a set of benchmark problems.     

Samples of iid Lognormals: Approximations for Characteristics of Minima

We concentrate on characteristics of minima X_N from samples of iid lognormals X_1i ～ 2pLND. We demonstrate that the distribution of X_N for 2 ≤ N ≤ 1,000 may be fitted more accurately by 2pLND than by the limiting Gumbel distribution. An extended power model is established to represent the quotients C_N/C₁, where C_N is the mean, standard deviation, or p-quantile of X_N and C₁ is the corresponding characteristic of X_1i. Our empirical comparisons show that this model provides not only more accurate estimates than alternating approximations but it is also much simpler than its competitors.     

乾隆帝西巡五台山考

文章基于中国第一历史档案馆所藏乾隆朝《军机处上谕档》《大清高宗纯皇帝实录》《乾隆帝起居注》《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》，及录副奏折、题本、硃批奏折等原始资料，尝试重新架构乾隆帝六次西巡五台山之史实，从微观视角，全新解析乾隆帝朝台的具体历史原因、过程，并从乾隆帝自身、北京皇家藏传佛教信仰的发展和成型及五台山藏传佛教的发展三个维度，来诠释其六巡五台的历史意义。     

普通话导游幽默语言的使用

普通话导游语言丰富多彩 ,幽默的导游语言独具特色 ,通过采用多种修辞方法而产生的幽默讲解 ,在导游过程中能达到意想不到的效果     

Conditioning the effect of prize on tournament self-selection

This study examines how past performance moderates the effect of the size of the prize on tournament self-selection. We identify two types of trajectories that play simultaneous and unique roles in moderating the influence of prize on an agent’s decision to enter a tournament: within-period trajectory, which reflects an agent’s short-term performance streak in the tournaments recently entered, and across-period trajectory, which reflects an agent’s long-term performance streak in the same tournament across different periods. We find that positive (negative) within-period and across-period trajectories strengthen (weaken) the positive effect of the size of the prize on tournament entry. Although both performance trajectories have a significant and sizable influence, we find that within-period trajectory plays the strongest moderating effect. We draw on the representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic to explain our findings. We study these notions using 54,915 self-selection decisions that professional golfers have taken over a ten-year period (1996–2006) when entering PGA Tour tournaments. We draw implications for the craft of contest design.     

Integrated production strategy and reuse scenario: A CoFAQ model and case study of mail server system development

One of the core problems in software product family (SPF) is the coordination of product building and core asset development, specifically the integration of production strategy decision and core asset scenario selection. In the current paper, a model of Cost Optimization under Functional And Quality (CoFAQ) goal satisfaction constraints is developed. It provides a systematic mechanism for management to analyze all possible products and evaluate various reuse alternatives at the organizational level. The CoFAQ model facilitates decision-makers to optimize the SPF development process by determining which products are involved in the SPF (i.e. production strategy) and which reuse scenario for each module should be selected to implement the SPF toward minimum total developing cost under the constraints of satisfying functional and quality goals. A two-phase algorithm with heuristic (TPA) is developed to solve the model efficiently. Based on the TPA, the CoFAQ is reduced to a weighted set-covering problem for production strategy decision and a knapsack problem for the reuse scenario selection. An application of the model in mail server domain development is presented to illustrate how it has been used in practice.     

Simulated annealing procedure for scheduling competing tasks in flexible manufacturing

This paper presents a simulated annealing SA procedure heuristic for the problem of scheduling N tasks on a machine equipped with an automatic tool changer to minimize the makespan time. The problem is first formulated as a symmetric travelling salesman problem TSP . A local search heuristic procedure is developed, then embedded into SA algorithm to enhance its performance. The implemented SA heuristic has the following features: an exponential acceptance function with non-monotonic cooling schedule, heuristic pre-processing, and a neighbourhood of changing the sequence of a small number of tasks and named the k-interchange procedure. The algorithm is compared with an exact solution method on a set of practical-sized problems. The proposed algorithm performed very well in terms of solution quality and computation time.     

Rough set-based approach to feature selection in customer relationship management

In this paper, application of the rough set theory (RST) to feature selection in customer relationship management (CRM) is introduced. Compared to other methods, the RST approach has the advantage of combining both qualitative and quantitative information in the decision analysis, which is extremely important for CRM. To derive the decision rules from historical data for identifying features that contribute to CRM, both the mathematical formulation and the heuristic algorithm are developed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is comprised of both equal and unequal weight cases of the feature content with the limitation of the mathematical models. This algorithm is able to derive the rules and identify the most significant features simultaneously, which is unique and useful in solving CRM problems. A case study of a video game system purchase is validated by historical data, and the results showed the practical viability of the RST approach for predicting customer purchasing behavior. This paper forms the basis for solving many other similar problems that occur in the service industry.