Helping consumers with a front-of-pack label: Numbers or colors?: Experimental comparison between Guideline Daily Amount and Traffic Light in a diet-building exercise

This paper contributes to the debate on front-of-pack nutritional labels. Because of their dissimilar formats, Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) and Traffic Light (TL) may trigger different responses among consumers. While GDA is comprehensive and cognitively demanding, information is coarser and more salient in TL. We implement an incentivized laboratory experiment to assess the relative performance of GDA and TL labeling schemes in assisting consumers to build a healthy daily menu. Participants must compose a daily menu, choosing from a finite set of products, and are paid a fixed cash amount only if the menu satisfies pre-determined nutritional goals. Goals correspond to achieving the Guideline Daily Amount values of 1 (kcal), 4 (kcal, fat, sugar, salt) or 7 (kcal, fat, sugar, salt, fiber, vitamin C and calcium) different nutritional attributes. Three different labels, GDA, TL and a combined GDATL are provided. Results show that GDA performs better than TL when subjects do not face time constraints. When time is limited however, TL and GDA have identical efficacy with 4 nutritional goals, and TL even outperforms GDA with 7 nutritional goals.     

D07系列质量流量控制器毛细管堵塞的处理方法

D07系列质量流量控制器被广泛的应用到电子、化工、石油、医药、环保等领域的科研和生产中,当其出现故障时我们要有一个好的解决方法,确保生产正常。     

可编程控制器输入点的几种扩展方法

应用可编程序控制器时,经常遇到输入点不够的情况,但有时会使成本明显增加,有时输入点数已扩展到极限,本文简要介绍几种能不增加扩展单元,只是通过改进接线与编程相结合,就能增加可编程控制器输入点的方法。     

Identifying traffic safety best practice: an application of DEA and Malmquist indices

DEA is used in this paper to investigate target achievements of the operational units of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) charged with traffic safety services. The DEA framework applied corresponds to a BCC model with a unique constant input, or equivalently, with no inputs. This framework is further extended to a DEA-based Malmquist index to measure productivity growth in target achievements. Finally, we use a bootstrapping method to ascertain confidence intervals for efficiency scores derived and to test hypotheses on the extent of productivity growth or regress. The mean efficiency scores by which targets are achieved across the sample years are in the range 0.81–0.93 and significant at the 5% level. Total productivity in target achievements shows progress with significance, on average at 7%. Much of the progress is attributed to technological progress. The results illustrate the usefulness of using a decomposable index for productivity measurement, and the use of bootstrapping for sensitivity tests.     

最小运行时间最佳开关式控制器(英文)

阐述了一种适用于机床工作台运动的DNC非线性控制器,该系统以一种最佳开关式控制器为基础,实现了工作台精确移位的最短时间优化控制,以工作台实测的机械特性为依据,采用计算辅助设计来确定最佳开关时间点,再用这些开关量来驱动一组在线的非线性闭环反馈控制器,使三个相互垂直的轴运动能精确定位,为得到快速响应,系统采用两个微处理器协调运行:一个主控制器实时控制三台步进电动机;一个副控制器采集三个轴的绝对座标并迅速将数值传送给主控制器,同时将座标数值按照用户要求以英寸或毫米或脉冲计数方式在一块液晶屏上显示出来,提供了系统硬件图和软件设计要点,并以一台三座标印刷电路板钻床为应用实例,给出了典型试验数据。     

Simultaneous modelling of multiple traffic safety performance indicators by using a multivariate generalized linear mixed model

Summary.  Traffic safety in the UK is one of the increasing number of areas where central government sets targets based on 'outcome-focused' performance indicators (PIs). Judgments about such PIs are often based solely on rankings of raw indicators and simple league tables dominate centrally published analyses. There is a considerable statistical literature examining health and education issues which has tended to use the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to address variability in the data when drawing inferences about relative performance from headline PIs. This methodology could obviously be applied in contexts such as traffic safety. However, when such models are applied to the fairly crude data sets that are currently available, the interval estimates generated, e.g. in respect of rankings, are often too broad to allow much real differentiation between the traffic safety performance of the units that are being considered. Such results sit uncomfortably with the ethos of 'performance management' and raise the question of whether the inference from such data sets about relative performance can be improved in some way. Motivated by consideration of a set of nine road safety performance indicators measured on English local authorities in the year 2000, the paper considers methods to strengthen the weak inference that is obtained from GLMMs of individual indicators by simultaneous, multivariate modelling of a range of related indicators. The correlation structure between indicators is used to reduce the uncertainty that is associated with rankings of any one of the individual indicators. The results demonstrate that credible intervals can be substantially narrowed by the use of the multivariate GLMM approach and that multivariate modelling of multiple PIs may therefore have considerable potential for introducing more robust and realistic assessments of differential performance in some contexts.     

城市公共交通车线网络优化模型

本文以文献[8、14]为代表的城市公共交通车线网络优化评价方法为基础,改进了原有的不足,提出一种新的方法,建立了相应的模型,并利用我国的三个城市的实际数据进行了分析,获得较好的结果。     

利用兼容机主板实现工业控制机的方法

讨论了兼容机主板上的ＢＩＯＳ程序结构和改制方法、实际操作及其可行性，证明了ＤＲＡＭ直接运行工业控制监控程序和应用程序可达到采用ＳＲＡＭ的一般工业控制机的抗干扰水平，采用高质量的机箱、电源和合适的兼容机主板制作的工控机可满足工业生产现场的恶劣运行条件。通过软盘直接更改监控程序和各种工控参数、加工对象。     

可编程控制器在塑料门窗对焊机的应用

本文以日本三菱电器公司生的产Ｆ１－ ６０ 型可编程控制器为例，介绍了工业ＰＣ在塑料门窗对焊机的控制过程及程序的编制     

一种新型工业炉窑控制器的研究

介绍了一种适合在中小型工业炉窑上推广应用的LZ－1型低成本高性能的炉窑控制器的软、硬件等方面的设计和研究。它采用了单片机技术，在软件设计中提出了具有相对通用性的树状模块化结构。该控制器在燃烧链条炉中的成功应用说明了它对于提高过程自动控制品质和系统的运行性能具有良好效果。