An empirical investigation of different operating characteristics of several estimators of the intraclass correlation in the analysis of binary data

This paper is concerned with properties (bias, standard deviation, mean square error and efficiency) of twenty six estimators of the intraclass correlation in the analysis of binary data. Our main interest is to study these properties when data are generated from different distributions. For data generation we considered three over-dispersed binomial distributions, namely, the beta-binomial distribution, the probit normal binomial distribution and a mixture of two binomial distributions. The findings regarding bias, standard deviation and mean squared error of all these estimators, are that (a) in general, the distributions of biases of most of the estimators are negatively skewed. The biases are smallest when data are generated from the beta-binomial distribution and largest when data are generated from the mixture distribution; (b) the standard deviations are smallest when data are generated from the beta-binomial distribution; and (c) the mean squared errors are smallest when data are generated from the beta-binomial distribution and largest when data are generated from the mixture distribution. Of the 26, nine estimators including the maximum likelihood estimator, an estimator based on the optimal quadratic estimating equations of Crowder (1987), and an analysis of variance type estimator is found to have least amount of bias, standard deviation and mean squared error. Also, the distributions of the bias, standard deviation and mean squared error for each of these estimators are, in general, more symmetric than those of the other estimators. Our findings regarding efficiency are that the estimator based on the optimal quadratic estimating equations has consistently high efficiency and least variability in the efficiency results. In the important range in which the intraclass correlation is small (≤0 5), on the average, this estimator shows best efficiency performance. The analysis of variance type estimator seems to do well for larger values of the intraclass correlation. In general, the estimator based on the optimal quadratic estimating equations seems to show best efficiency performance for data from the beta-binomial distribution and the probit normal binomial distribution, and the analysis of variance type estimator seems to do well for data from the mixture distribution.     

Testtesting for the equality of scale parameters of k(> 2) exponential populations based on complete and type ii censored samples

This paper is concerned with testing the equality of scale parameters of K(> 2) two-parameter exponential distributions in presence of unspecified location parameters based on complete and type II censored samples. We develop a marginal likelihood ratio statistic, a quadratic statistic (Qu) (Nelson, 1982) based on maximum marginal likelihood estimates of the scale parameters under the null and the alternative hypotheses, a C(a) statistic (CPL) (Neyman, 1959) based on the profile likelihood estimate of the scale parameter under the null hypothesis and an extremal scale parameter ratio statistic (ESP) (McCool, 1979). We show that the marginal likelihood ratio statistic is equivalent to the modified Bartlett test statistic. We use Bartlett's small sample correction to the marginal likelihood ratio statistic and call it the modified marginal likelihood ratio statistic (MLB). We then compare the four statistics, MLBi Qut CPL and ESP in terms of size and power by using Monte Carlo simulation experiments. For the variety of sample sizes and censoring combinations and nominal levels considered the statistic MLB holds nominal level most accurately and based on empirically calculated critical values, this statistic performs best or as good as others in most situations. Two examples are given.     

"两个必然"理论:反全球化视野中的新探索

随着全球化浪潮的狂飙式推进,反全球化运动也如影随形并呈燎原之势.反全球化运动在一定程度上壮大了社会主义队伍,积聚了社会主义因素,为实现向社会主义转变创造了条件.反全球化运动的趋势揭示了社会主义的全球化替代资本主义的全球化,社会主义制度取代资本主义制度的现实可能性,昭示了马克思的"两个必然"理论的时代价值和深远意义.     

《双城记》中狄更斯人道主义思想解读

《双城记》以法国大革命为背景,从资产阶级人道主义(Humanitarianism)的角度揭露了封建贵族的邪恶。以这一小说为蓝本,从人道主义的概念出发,详细阐述了狄更斯的人道主义思想,辩证地分析了其人道主义思想的时代进步性、局限性及其对当今社会的意义。     

培养创新型人才是"两课"教学的主旋律

“两课”是高校思想政治教育的主渠道,它既具有德育功能,也具有创新功能,是高校培养创新型人才的基本渠道。“两课”教师自身素质的提高是培养创新型人才的关键,实施教学创新是培养创新型人才的保证。     

约翰·洛克《政府论》的逻辑基础评析

客观地评价一个人的行为及其作品,应当综合考虑他所处的那个特定的时代背景。约翰·洛克的思想担负了为第一次具有世界性意义的英国资产阶级革命鸣锣开道的历史使命,其一系列政治主张直接影响了美国、法国等一些国家的政治制度变革,推动了世界法治进程的加速。然而,以现代人的眼光去评判,洛克的许多政治主张和思想并不具有科学性和客观性,而且在逻辑基础和论证方式上存在着很大的局限性和不足,这就使得《政府论》的政治主张和思想处在一种不稳定和无法证实的基础之上。《政府论》的政治思想、观点和主张只具有重大的时代意义,并不是仍能适用于现代的普世真理。     

论两岸四地货币统一的障碍与对策

在分析两岸四地货币统一的命题和命名的基础上,对影响两岸四地货币统一的主要障碍进行了讨论。从战略布局、金融政策、措施选择和实施步骤等方面对两岸四地货币统一的路径进行了探讨。     

论"韵"与秦观词的艺术美

"韵"是一种外在形态,更是内在的精神。秦观词从感物、言情两方面体现了"韵"味:得之于内、虚处入神的空灵之韵;重在感发、意在含蓄的清灵之韵。然而秦观词"韵"尚有"无力蔷薇"之不足,与李清照词进行对比论析,可资更好地认识"韵"之丰富内涵。     

中国的财政政策对就业效应的协整分析

文章从理论上分析了财政政策对就业的效应,然后从定量角度运用协整理论建立经济计量模型, 文章的创新点在于运用模型并结合中国当前实际情况,将财政政策对就业的效应作了两阶段划分,比较两个阶段的特点并分析其出现的原因,得出了中国财政政策对就业效应在后一阶段小于前一阶段的结论。最后, 针对当前的情况提出了几点能够提高财政政策对就业效应的建议。     

谈民族院校“两课”教学观念的更新

民族院校"两课"是实施素质教育的重要渠道,要提高民族院校"两课"教学的针对性、实效性,最根本的问题是更新"两课"教学的观念.我们必须转变民族院校"两课"教学的功能观、主体观、方法观、质量观,才有利于促进学生的全面发展.