WEB PAGES, AUTHORS AND AUDIENCES: The meaning of a mouse click

One popular framework for analysing web pages has been to think of them as identity performances on the part of the author. This framework opens up possibilities for analysis of the ways in which identity performances are composed. The personal web pages to which this perspective is most immediately applicable, are, however, now only a small proportion of the overall amount of information available on the World Wide Web. It would be possible, by extension, to analyse institutional web pages as performances of the institutional identity. It is the contention of this paper that to do so is to miss out on some important aspects of web page design: namely that the production of a web page involves understandings not only of the audience for the page but also of the capacities of the technology. In addition, web page production has to become a socially meaningful act for the individual web page developer and the institution concerned. It is, therefore, argued that the analysis of web pages can usefully learn from media studies and the sociology of technology in this respect. An interview-based study of the developers of web pages for the service departments of a UK university is described. The ideas of audience which the authors use are far from homogeneous: they include an institutional offline audience for the page, a pre-existing imagined audience, developers themselves as audience, and the technology of the browser as a stand-in audience. The audience and the capacities of the technology are developed in context through the practices of designers.     

Non-parametric recursive estimates of a probability density function and its derivatives

Recursive estimates of a probability density function (pdf) are known. This paper presents recursive estimates of a derivative of any desired order of a pdf. Let f be a pdf on the real line and p?0 be any desired integer. Based on a random sample of size n from f, estimators f^(p)_n of f^(p), the pth order derivatives of f, are exhibited. These estimators are of the form $\text{n}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{∑n}\text{j=1}\text{δ}{}_{\mathrm{jp}}$, where δ_jp depends only on p and the jth observation in the sample, and hence can be computed recursively as the sample size increases. These estimators are shown to be asymptotically unbiased, mean square consistent and strongly consistent, both at a point and uniformly on the real line. For pointwise properties, the conditions on f^(p) have been weakened with a little stronger assumption on the kernel function.     

Positive Feedback Model for City Vitalization

Abstract  In the present study, we first attempt to construct a model for the dynamics of city images, in which intra- and intercity communications promote the joint possession of city images by residents and the establishment of a city identity. It is suggested that community spirit, which emerges strongly associated with city identity, urges citizens to voluntarily take part in a city's cultural events. The voluntary participation of citizens may change various aspects of a city's functions and physical structure, and as a result the city becomes vitalized in a bottom-up way. Based on this model, we propose a new planning method to facilitate city vitalization as a substitute for hardware-oriented planning. Finally, to ascertain the effectiveness of the new planning method, we focus on Iida City, which has recently successfully established its identity as a puppet drama town.     

当代小说视域中的农民身份问题研究

自新中国成立后,农民身份的内涵在小说中的变化,充分展现了国家意志、现代化建设与农民之间的深层关联。在社会主义建设初期,小说对农民的阶级属性、集体身份进行了革命化叙述,强调了农民在国家建设中的主体地位,而忽视了农民自身的个体愿望;20世纪80年代后,农民在小说中的身份内涵发生了变化,国家的主体位置逐渐弱化,自身的价值诉求得到肯定与确认,但是农民身份的隐喻含义也得以细微展现;随着城乡社会流动的加速和经济社会结构的剧变,农民及其衍生出的农民工群体面临着严重的身份焦虑,这一点在农民工题材小说中充分展现出来。对于农民而言,不管是进城还是返乡,亦或是留守乡村,“我是谁”的身份困惑都将缠绕着他们,并呈现出进一步模糊化的趋向。     

对立与融合——中国男同性恋者的身份构建

当前,中国同性恋者在数量上已经成为一个不可忽视的社会群体。受西方男性研究和男性特质研究的影响,学术上很有必要关注中国的男性同性恋者。作为弱势群体的男同性恋者正在努力融入主流文化中,但受中国传统伦理道德观和社会舆论的影响,其处境又非常尴尬。中国男同性恋者受西方同性恋运动的影响衍生出其独特的话语,并为其话语权与社会身份认同的构建而努力着。理论上,福柯的话语权理论和酷儿理论有助于客观科学地研究同性恋者的话语及其身份认同,有利于改变社会对同性恋者的观念。和谐社会的构建离不开每一个人,同性恋者也是构建和谐社会中的一分子。     

民族宗教学视野下伊斯兰教的民族性与回族的宗教性

通过伊斯兰教了解回族群体的生存状态、历史发展,考察回族文化的变迁与特色;反之,从回族的角度考察伊斯兰教,以便从回族群体的精神层面角度把握伊斯兰教,了解回族的深层心理和情感依托;通过对民族认同和宗教认同的比较解析两者的涵摄关系。借鉴民族宗教学理论探讨伊斯兰教和回族之间的关系,探讨伊斯兰教的民族性和回族的宗教性。     

A Robust Procedure in Nonlinear Models for Repeated Measurements

Nonlinear regression models arise when definite information is available about the form of the relationship between the response and predictor variables. Such information might involve direct knowledge of the actual form of the true model or might be represented by a set of differential equations that the model must satisfy. We develop M-procedures for estimating parameters and testing hypotheses of interest about these parameters in nonlinear regression models for repeated measurement data. Under regularity conditions, the asymptotic properties of the M-procedures are presented, including the uniform linearity, normality and consistency. The computation of the M-estimators of the model parameters is performed with iterative procedures, similar to Newton–Raphson and Fisher's scoring methods. The methodology is illustrated by using a multivariate logistic regression model with real data, along with a simulation study.     

A Nonrandomized,Nonconservative Version of the Fisher Exact Test

The Fisher exact test has been unjustly dismissed by some as ‘only conditional,’ whereas it is unconditionally the uniform most powerful test among all unbiased tests, tests of size α and with power greater than its nominal level of significance α. The problem with this truly optimal test is that it requires randomization at the critical value(s) to be of size α. Obviously, in practice, one does not want to conclude that ‘with probability x the we have a statistical significant result.’ Usually, the hypothesis is rejected only if the test statistic's outcome is more extreme than the critical value, reducing the actual size considerably.

The randomized unconditional Fisher exact is constructed (using Neyman–structure arguments) by deriving a conditional randomized test randomizing at critical values c(t) by probabilities γ(t), that both depend on the total number of successes T (the complete-sufficient statistic for the nuisance parameter—the common success probability) conditioned upon.

In this paper, the Fisher exact is approximated by deriving nonrandomized conditional tests with critical region including the critical value only if γ (t) > γ₀, for a fixed threshold value γ₀, such that the size of the unconditional modified test is for all value of the nuisance parameter—the common success probability—smaller, but as close as possible to α. It will be seen that this greatly improves the size of the test as compared with the conservative nonrandomized Fisher exact test.

Size, power, and p value comparison with the (virtual) randomized Fisher exact test, and the conservative nonrandomized Fisher exact, Pearson's chi-square test, with the more competitive mid-p value, the McDonald's modification, and Boschloo's modifications are performed under the assumption of two binomial samples.     

Uniform Design for Experiments with Mixtures

The goal of uniform mixture design is to scatter the design points in the experimental region uniformly. The commonly used criteria, such as mean square distance, are based on the Euclidean distance. Based on the Lee distance, a new criterion is proposed in this article. And an algorithm, called NTLBG, is also proposed to refine the randomly generated design for the experimental design with mixtures. Some examples show that the design generated by the NTLBG algorithm has a lower criteria value.     

Construction of uniform designs for mixture experiments with complex constraints

Abstract

Mixture experiments have attracted increasingly attention due to their great practical value in production and living, while uniform designs over irregular experimental regions have become a hot topic in the area of experimental designs in the past two decades. Noting that the experimental region of a mixture experiment with q components under some constraints is in fact a (q ? 1)-dimensional geometry, this article proposes a new method for searching nearly uniform designs for mixture experiments with any complex constraints. Two examples with some tables and figures are given to illustrate this method.