21世纪中国城市发展的人文化方向初探

传统的经济发展观导致了现代工业城市的种种困境，使人类社会难以为继。因此，近20年来，城市发展理论从片面强调经济因素开始转而关怀人文。本文以此为依据，在分析现代城市困境的基础上提出21世纪的中国城市应重视向人文化方向发展，并构建了城市发展的人文纲领，从反贫困、功能网络和制度创新三个方面为21世纪的中国城市发展提出了建议，在既注重人文又不忽视经济的原则下，寻求经济、社会、生态三者制衡的城市可持续发展道路，对21世纪中国城市发展的人文化方向进行了初步探讨。     

The city in the country: Growing alternative food networks in Metropolitan areas

Alternative food networks (AFNs) are commonly defined by attributes such as the spatial proximity between farmers and consumers, the existence of retail venues such as farmers markets, community supported agriculture (CSA) and a commitment to sustainable food production and consumption. Focusing upon processes rather than attributes, this paper identifies two place-based processes that both promote and constrain the emergence and development of AFNs. Urbanization and rural restructuring are critical to the development of AFNs. AFNs are not a “thing” to be described, but rather emerge from political, cultural and historical processes. The interactions of urbanization and rural restructuring produce AFNs that are differentiated and marked by uneven development that does not necessarily support all farmers participating in the network. This indicates both the fragility and the dynamism inherent in AFNs that are tied to metropolitan development and change. Paradoxically, increasing urban demand for seasonal, and organic produce grown ‘close to home’ and the processes of rural restructuring which emphasize small-scale sustainable family farming and its direct food linkages to cities do not necessarily enable all farmers to consistently make a living from season to season. Evidence for these claims comes from an in-depth, qualitative case study reliant upon participant observation, in-depth interviews and draws from a statewide farmer survey and a regional consumer survey in Washington State.     

The energy and mass balance of Los Angeles County

We conducted an urban “metabolic” study of inputs and outputs of food, water, energy, and pollutants from Los Angeles County, USA. This region has been the subject of recent debate about the nature of population density and distribution as it relates to urban form and associated environmental impacts. We found that with the exception of food imports and wastewater outputs, inputs of resources and outputs of pollutants generally declined on a per capita basis from 1990 to 2000. Reductions likely reflected a combination of changes in public policy, improvements in technology and public infrastructure, and impacts of increases in population density. However, in comparison to other municipalities and urban regions, resource consumption per capita was still relatively high in some categories, particularly inputs of water and transportation energy. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions were lower in Los Angeles County than for the average of the USA as a whole but higher than previous analyses of urban areas internationally, largely due to comparatively high emissions from the transportation sector. Wastewater discharge accounted for less than 40% of water inputs excluding precipitation; however the partitioning of water outputs through other potential losses, specifically evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater recharge, remains highly uncertain. We suggest that more detailed information about water losses will greatly improve future mass and energy accounting for analyses of urban environmental sustainability in this semi-arid region.     

城镇化进程中的文化经济探析

文化与经济一体化已成为当代经济和文化的发展趋向。文化经济对城镇化的推进作用亦不可替代。城镇化进程中必须认真盘点区域文化经济 ,以准确定位城镇性质、寻求历史与现实的“共生空间” ;同时还应合理利用区域文化资源 ,创造景观文化、发掘旅游文化、注重名牌文化等 ,以增强城镇的生命力和竞争力     

大城市周边中小城市崛起的条件和机制研究

昆山、萧山、江宁是长江三角洲地区 2 0世纪 90年代以来迅速崛起的中小城市。它们是沪宁、沪杭或者宁杭城市带上的一个节点 ,又位于上海、杭州和南京大都市圈的周边地区。通过分析发现沪宁杭周边地区中小城市的崛起的条件如下 :这些中小城市所在区域为企业选址提供了必要的宏观区位背景、交通条件 ,为企业“落脚”提供了良好的微观选址条件 ,并且创造了多核心的产业载体。此外 ,本文对沪宁杭周边地区中小城市的崛起机制进行了剖析。     

城市林业立法的理论基础

城市林业以服务城市生态系统,并保持其良好运行为主旨.城市林业能够改善空气质量,调节空气温度,节约能源,提高城市的能源利用效率;蓄土保水,减少暴雨的径流量;为各种动物、微生物提供栖息地,保护生物多样性;美化城市环境,提高城市品位,有益于公众的身心健康.城市林业立法的理论基础包括:可持续发展制度,自然资本投资制度,公众参与制度,损害赔偿制度,综合规划制度.     

河北省城乡居民收入差距透视

改革开放以来 ,河北省城乡居民收入不断增加 ,人民生活水平和生活质量都有显著提高。但是 ,城乡居民收入差距、消费差距和财产差距均呈现扩大趋势。城乡居民收入差距的扩大 ,制约着河北省农村全面建设小康社会的进程。农村是河北省全面建设小康社会的重点与难点     

Planning in the Middle East, moving toward the future

This paper, summarizes the lessons learned in this special issue of Habitat International on Planning Issues in the Middle East. After summarizing the highlights of the papers included in the issue, the paper looks ahead to the challenges facing the region's planners. These include coping with the rapid growth of cities, developing stronger planning institutions, integrating events in urban areas with the rural hinterlands, incorporating consultation with the public in the planning processes and meeting the inevitable challenges that will accompany globalization.     

从我国城市房地产转让登记制度看我国承认物权行为的价值

自物权行为理论创立以来,该理论引起了广泛的争论。文章以我国城市房地产转让登记制度是否承认了物权行为理论的分析为基础,探讨物权行为理论的制度价值和逻辑价值,并进而研究我国物权法应否承认物权行为理论。     

城市文明、城市功能与城市精神

城市正日益成为人类最主要的生存与发展空间,21世纪的城市化应该更关注城市文明的扩散和辐射效应。城市精神的提出标志着城市文明进入“后建设”时期,城市功能建设将是连接城市建设和城市精神的中介,以“生活”为中心的“三生(生产、生活、生态)”是现代城市的基本功能。城市文明的提升是一个渐进过程,城市精神的核心是现代的市(公)民意识,“海纳百川”的开放性和多样性是城市精神的基干。