现代化起源阶段的历史发展进程

现代化起源阶段是世界现代化历史进程的第二阶段。其主要历史内容集中体现为政治现代化和工业化在英国的率先发生及其超越英国一国向欧美其它国家的推进。现代化的第一步是从政治领域迈出的,政治变革为经济起飞创造了前提,工业化则构成了现代化的主要的和基本的内涵。伴随着欧美国家的相继实行工业化及其对外扩张,工业文明展现了它最初的历史面目,而世界各地区之间发展的不平衡性也日益凸现。     

英国辉格史学派先驱者论略

通常,学界仅将哈兰、林加德和麦考莱视作英国辉格史学派的先驱或奠基人,这显得有些偏颇.若将麦考莱当作该学派横坐标的原点,往前还可以追溯到约翰·罗素、麦金托什和福克斯,其中福克斯和麦金托什可被视为遭受质疑的先驱者,而罗素又是被遗忘的先驱者.他们史学著作的共同点,是关注本国早期宪政发展,并相继在自由主义的立场上,对社会政治变革采取了相当谨慎的评判.在领略和适当接受20世纪末年英国学界相关新观点的基础上,揭示福克斯、麦金托什、罗素和麦考莱等人的史学成就和思想,他们各自与辉格一自由党的亲疏不等的关系,以及他们在构建辉格早期史学派时的实际功用,这对于较完整地研究英国辉格史学派先驱者的行列及其作用,是很有裨益的.     

The rural arena: The diversity of protest in rural England

In the past 15–20 years, the rural areas of England have been used by a wide diversity of groups as the stage for their protest activities. Some have argued that this is due the rise of a rural social movement; this paper contends that rural areas have become both available and advantageous as the locale of protest through a range of interlocking factors. Firstly, that the rise of the network society has repositioned the societal importance of rural areas. Secondly, that the governance of rural areas has changed, allowing the social stake of rurality to be more widely contested. Thirdly, that opportunities to protest have shifted in favour of rural spaces, in terms of technology and policing. Through a discussion of recent changes in rural England and three case studies, The Land is Ours, Farmers for Action and the Organic Food and Farming Movement, this paper examines these changes and what they mean for the future of rural England.     

Harnessing the community sector

The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically the prevailing policy approach that seeks to cultivate the community sector by the ‘third sector’ route of developing existing community-based groups. Analysing the extent and nature of participation in the community sector using both secondary data from the 2000 General Household Survey and primary data from a case study of the community sector in rural England, the finding is that a culture of participation in ‘third sector’ groups is relatively alien to lower-income populations and that such groups are much more used by relatively affluent populations for the purpose of developing their social networks. If the intention of harnessing the community sector is to improve the material circumstances of lower-income populations, a third sector approach of developing existing community-based groups is thus found to be inappropriate. Instead, it is argued that a ‘fourth sector’ approach is required. This seeks to further cultivate the prevailing culture of participation in one-to-one reciprocal exchange that is predominantly used by lower-income populations to improve their material circumstances. The paper concludes by outlining how this might be achieved.     

英国重商主义思想的分期问题

过去学术界一般都把英国重商主义思想划分为早期和晚期两个阶段，随着对18世纪上半期重商主义作品研究的深入，这种笼统的分期已经不利于深化重商主义的研究。根据英国重商主义思想的内容和演变轨迹，可以将其划分为三个时期：雏形时期、成熟时期、完善时期。     

近代早期英国猎巫运动中的妇女研究

从15世纪至18世纪,一场长达3个世纪的猎巫运动席卷了欧洲大陆,位于西北欧一隅的英国也未能幸免,巫师被残酷虐待和凌辱,甚至被活埋和焚烧。英国的猎巫运动呈现出不同于欧陆的显著特征在于:猎巫与性别密切相关;女性在猎巫运动中首当其冲,成为最大的牺牲品。研究发现:80%的巫师是女性;女性又是猎巫运动的主力军,起着至关重要的作用;女性在猎巫运动中作为受害者和证人的比例都非常高。女性既是猎巫运动的最大受害者,又是猎巫运动的主角。从这个意义上说,英国的猎巫是女性之间的一场斗争。     

翟理斯英译《聊斋志异》的道德和诗学取向

由于受译者所处的维多利亚时代道德风尚的影响，翟理斯在其英译《聊斋志异》中对原文中不符合清教道德规范的性爱描写进行了删除或改写。另外，因为19世纪下半叶英国小说总体摈弃了作者或叙述者在文本中做“插入性评论”的叙事手法，翟理斯对原作故事末尾处的作者评论性文字“异史氏曰”部分全部删除。译者的这种翻译处理，源于当时英国小说的兴盛和自足。     

近代早期英国的人口增长与贫困问题

作为人类自身生产的人口增长具有物极必反的效应,近代早期英国的人口增长正是如此。本文立足近代早期英国人口增长的历史状况,试图对此时英国人口增长给英国社会带来的贫困问题予以解析。作者从人口增长量、人口结构和社会影响等方面分析英国人口的急剧增长给英国社会所带来的更多负面作用——贫困问题。籍此我们认识到无限制的人口增长之所以带来社会问题的原因和保持人口适度增长是社会和谐的关键这一历史规律。     

Caregiving at night: Understanding the impact on carers

Caregiving research has rarely examined the nature and impact of care provision at night. This paper analyses indepth interviews with 24 older people in England whose sleep had been adversely affected by providing care at night. A framework is proposed that illustrates how six aspects of caregiving can disrupt carers' sleep quality: first, attending to the night-time physical needs of the care recipient; second, anticipation of their night-time care needs; third, ‘monitoring’ their relative at night; fourth, disruption from relatives who are awake for long periods at night, wandering or shouting; fifth, undertaking emotional support, and worries or anxieties related to their relative; and finally, the legacy of caregiving may continue to disrupt sleep after caring ceases, because of painful images of their relative's suffering or feelings of guilt. Adverse effects on carers' sleep are greatest for co-resident carers, especially when caring for a spouse or relative with a life-limiting illness or dementia.     

大学毕业生的就业状况与社会转型的史学分析及启示——以1560-1660年英国大学毕业生就业变化为例

我国大学毕业生就业与社会转型是社会各界关注的2个焦点。以1560-1660年英国由传统社会向现代社会转型期间大学毕业生的就业变化为例,用历史文献分析的方法,分析了英国大学毕业生的就业变化与社会转型相互影响的关系：大学毕业生的就业变化是当时社会转型的必然结果;大学毕业生就业状况的变化在一定程度上影响着社会转型。提出了我国社会转型期缓解大学生就业难的启示：调整产业结构,为高校毕业生提供多元化的就业岗位;高等学校应该依据社会发展需要调整教学内容;适当控制招生规模,限制就业压力大的学科招生规模。