Of Ships and Seals and Postage Stamps

This article describes a method—Collaborative Civics Conference Protocol (3CP)—that teachers can use with any civics education program to engage students in meaningful collaborative assessment of each others’ thinking and writing and to make connections between civics activities and essential social studies content. Borrowing from the Writer's Workshop model and Seidel et al.'s (1997) peer conference protocol, 3CP provides teachers with a procedure to guide their students through substantive conversations about the process of civic engagement, as well as how their projects connect to the big ideas in history, geography, economics, and civics content. Similar to writer's workshop, 3CP compels students to take responsibility for their own learning and for contributing to the learning of their classmates. An essential component of the model, peer conferencing engages students as critical friends who share their thinking, planning, and writing who then give, receive, and react to feedback from their classmates.     

华盛顿会议上英国对待山东问题的态度

在华盛顿会议上,关于山东问题,英国对日本的态度是既“遏制”又“协调”,改变了在巴黎和会上一味充当日本“帮凶”的错误做法。“遏制”的一面体现在:要求日本向中国归还胶州租借地和铁路;所有日军和日本警察从铁路撤退;胶州租借地国际化;日本同意国库券赎路的方式。“协调”的一面体现在:在铁路人事问题上,要求中方对日本让步。      

国际气候变化制度的未来蓝图——从《哥本哈根协议》到《坎昆协议》

全球气候变化已经引起国际社会的关注,产生了不同的国际社会组织,并制定了各项相关国际社会制度,这些制度在解决国际气候变化的问题上具有关键性和决定性作用:首先,该制度起着建构性的作用;其次,国际气候变化制度必须对激活该项制度起到推波助澜的作用,使得处于不同地位的各方在谈判过程中能够建立共识,并且能在国际层面推动达成更具雄心的气候变化政策。这些促成了《哥本哈根协议》、《坎昆协议》的诞生。《哥本哈根协议》明确将气温升高控制在2摄氏度作为减排的目标。《坎昆协议》将此目标具体化,并提出气温升高控制在1.5摄氏度的任务。"后2012"国际气候变化制度必须具有全球性特征,遵循公平原则和共同但有区别的责任原则,将世界上主要的温室气体排放国家美国和一些发展中国家纳入进来。从性质上来说,《坎昆协议》所建构的可测量、可报告、可核证体系代替原有的制度机制,这将是国际气候变化制度中的全新改变。     

1945年日本对苏外交失败述评

二战结束在即，在内外交困的情势之下，铃木内阁上台。在结束战争的方式上，日本寄希望于通过苏联从中斡旋达到体面的求和，以东乡茂德为首的主和派由此而展开了一系列外交努力。先是通过与苏联驻日大使马立克的接触表达日本政府意欲通过苏联调停的意向，后又有意派遣特使赴苏联代表天皇和苏联谈判，准备以大幅度领土利益上的舍却为代价，换取苏联的居间中立，不参加对日作战。苏联早在雅尔塔会议时期间，已经得到罗斯福若干承诺，并答应美英两国欧洲战事结束后将在远东战场上对日作战。最终，8月8日苏联对日的一纸宣战书，使日本对其寄予的希望成为泡影。     

论现代大学制度中教代会的地位和作用

文章根据新时期高校民主管理和民主制度建设的要求,比较全面地分析和概述了教代会的特征、地位及作用,并指出,教代会制度是我国高校建立现代大学制度的重要组成部分,具有鲜明的特色.     

民族危机下的国民外交 --太平洋国际学会第四届会议开幕争论之研究

太平洋国际学会第四届会议预定于1931年在中国举行。该学会中国分会及国民政府都将会议视为联络各国国民情感、对外介绍中国真实情况及立场、推动国民外交之良机。然而,会议开幕前接连遭遇了两次危机。首先是中国国内反对学会在华开会的风潮,后经干预而平息;其次是“九一八”事变爆发,中、日两国会员间关系紧张,会议又有延期甚至流会之可能。中国代表最终决定以平心静气、谨慎客观的学术态度,参与对太平洋问题的探讨,在学会、中国分会及其会员、国民政府的共同努力下,会议得以如期举行。     

庐山会议与中国共产党党内民主的经验教训

反思1959年庐山会议,其在党内民主方面的主要经验是:党内要广开言路,要切实实行民主集中制,要确立党代表大会的最高权力机关的地位,要认真搞好党的制度建设。而庐山会议的主要教训是:要克服党内家长制和个人崇拜、党员干部的党内民主素质偏低及权力高度集中的缺点。     

Kin availability and the living arrangements of older women

This paper models the distribution of older women across household types, taking account of variations in the availability of kin, as well as other explanatory variables such as income and race. Household types are distinguished by the presence or absence in the household of siblings, parents, children, or others, including unrelated individuals. A modified multinomial logit model is used to represent the simultaneous effects of kin availability and other variables on the probability of living in each household type. The results indicate that while income is related to the propensity to live alone, the relationship appears to operate solely through the effect of income upon the propensity to share a household with close relatives. Older black women are shown to be more likely to live in extended-family households, holding constant both income and the availability of kin.     

Productivity growth,external shocks,and capital inflows in Chile: A general equilibrium analysis

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to analyze the growth path of the Chilean economy during 1977–1981. During that period a comprehensive package of reforms liberalized international trade and removed restrictive labor legislation. As a result of the reforms, there were large changes in relative prices and in the structure of production and demand, and the economy enjoyed unprecedented growth with declining inflation. But large macroeconomic imbalance become evident toward the end of the period and in 1982 Chile experienced an abrupt and severe recession. Taking the real exchange rate as an exogenous policy variable, and using the observed levels of employment growth and foreign capital inflows, this paper compares model-generated growth paths with those of the economy. First, the benchmark simulation path is used to estimate the magnitude and pattern of growth and productivity change during the 1971–1981 period. Next, counter-factual simulations are used to assess how Chile's economic performance would have differed if (a) external events had been different; and (b) foreign capital inflows had been different. The analysis suggests that the macroeconomic imbalances that led to the crisis in 1982 were exacerbated by the large capital inflows and real exchange rate appreciation that resulted from the use of the exchange rate as a stabilization device.