输油管道热力计算及程序设计

评价埋地热油管道的的热工状况,首要的问题是计算管道周围土壤的非稳态温度场。针对埋地热油管道的一般形式,以二维非稳定传热方程来描述输油管道的传热过程,建立了计算温度场的计算模型,在边界条件中充分考虑了地面温度的变化以及管径等参数对管路温降的影响。采用有限差分数值理论对温度场进行了计算,并由此求得了热油管道的有关热工参数。通过实例分析表明了计算方法和计算程序具有一定的实际参考价值。     

Performance Assessment in Support of the 1996 Compliance Certification Application for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

The conceptual and computational structure of a performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is described. Important parts of this structure are (1) maintenance of a separation between stochastic (i.e., aleatory) and subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty, with stochastic uncertainty arising from the many possible disruptions that could occur over the 10,000-year regulatory period that applies to the WIPP, and subjective uncertainty arising from the imprecision with which many of the quantities required in the analysis are known, (2) use of Latin hypercube sampling to incorporate the effects of subjective uncertainty, (3) use of Monte Carlo (i.e., random) sampling to incorporate the effects of stochastic uncertainty, and (4) efficient use of the necessarily limited number of mechanistic calculations that can be performed to support the analysis. The WIPP is under development by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the geologic (i.e., deep underground) disposal of transuranic (TRU) waste, with the indicated PA supporting a Compliance Certification Application (CCA) by the DOE to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in October 1996 for the necessary certifications for the WIPP to begin operation. The EPA certified the WIPP for the disposal of TRU waste in May 1998, with the result that the WIPP will be the first operational facility in the United States for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste.     

Gasoline Cost and Hedonic Price Indexes of U.S. Used Cars for 1970–1983 A Note

Hedonic price indexes are estimated for U.S. used passenger cars for 1970–1983. A few notions of indexes that differ in the treatments of the expected present value of gasoline cost for driving a car over its remaining life are considered. Their relationships are obtained theoretically and examined empirically. Our indexes also are compared with the Consumer Price Index.     

Approximately Median-Unbiased Estimation of Autoregressive Models

A hedonic model of automobile prices that takes gasoline costs into account is developed and used to examine whether gasoline price increases (especially those related to the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks) changed consumer evaluations of the relative qualities of used cars in the U.S. during 1970–1981. We test the null hypothesis that the characteristics' coefficients remained constant over time. It is rejected if gasoline costs are excluded from the model but not if they are included. Alternative approaches are developed to show that the gasoline price increases alone can explain much of the observed changes in the coefficients.     

原油高价的影响因素及对策研究

由于全球范围内石油供求矛盾突出、石油开采投资不足、有关国家石油战略储备量大幅增长和期货投机等因素,2004年国际原油平均价格达到41.47美元/桶,预计在2005年平均价格将达到45.23美元/桶,国际油价将不可避免地进入高油价时代。高油价对整个下游产业链都有着显著的影响。石油炼制、石油化工和下游加工行业应对高油价的能力,将随着与最终用户的不断接近而降低。通过建立安全可靠的原油供给体系、采用先进的生产工艺技术、扩大生产规模、产品结构的优化和降低综合能耗等一系列措施,石油化工行业可消化部分高油价所带来的压力,并适度向下游转移生产成本。在保持自身具有良好盈利的同时,石油化工行业可让出部分利润空间以促进下游加工行业的稳定发展,并有效抑制在石油化工产业上的盲目投资。     

Stress at sea: A review of working conditions in the offshore oil and fishing industries

Abstract

This paper reviews the literature available on the psychosocial aspects of the offshore oil and fishing industries. Both work sectors present unique problems for their employees and these are discussed with reference to risk and safety, accidents and injuries, occupational stressors, marriage and family life, noise, alcohol and drug abuse and personality. The paper concludes that although both occupations are intrinsically different, some psychosocial similarities can be observed.     

关于扩大我国海洋溢油生态损害索赔主体的思考——以“康菲溢油”事件为视角

我国当前立法海洋生态损害赔偿的规定模糊且索赔主体的范围狭窄,在实践中缺乏可操作性,容易导致多个行政主管部门之间职责和权限的冲突,不利于保护海洋生态损害案件的受害人,也不利于保护海洋环境。应当扩大我国海洋溢油生态损害索赔主体的范围,将检察机关、公民、法人及其他社会组织和环保非政府组织等主体都纳入海洋溢油生态损害索赔主体范围,以充分地赔偿油污受害人的损失,进而保护海洋环境。     

《荒原》的反讽结构诗学

反讽不仅仅是一种修辞学概念,更是西方文论中诗学的关键词,它是现代诗歌重要的一种创作和结构原则。《荒原》的诗体特征和结构方法体现了现代反讽结构诗学中的矛盾性、张力性、对立统一性等重要特征。从《荒原》的主题、意象、人物、时空结构各个层面的意义生成阐释了T．S．艾略特诗歌的反讽结构诗学,探究了艾略特的创作特点和诗学主张。     

采油厂劳动管理机制创新的管理学分析

长庆油田采油一厂长期以来致力于劳动组织形式、劳动管理模式、劳动用工机制的改革与创新,形成了一种集科学性、合理性和可操作性于一身的劳动管理新机制,为石油企业人力资源管理水平的提高做出了应有的贡献。     

Formulating waste management strategies based on waste management practices of households in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Rapid urbanisation, population growth and changes in lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries contribute to increasing the per capita domestic waste generation. This trend leads to deplorable environmental and public health conditions, especially in rapidly expanding cities of low- and middle-income countries lacking appropriate waste management systems, Santiago de Cuba is no exception. To improve solid waste management in the city of Santiago de Cuba, the generation of household waste was studied and individual waste treatment approaches were assessed. The principle of a household level analysis was adopted to enable the development of strategies based on the specific conditions of households, their awareness and needs.In February 2004, a survey covering 1180 households was conducted on issues such as monthly consumed goods, waste generated and its treatment. The waste generated by the households was subsequently assessed by means of a measuring campaign. The measured volume not only comprised the collected waste fraction but also the waste materials treated on-site or recovered and recycled by all the different means available.The paper contains the results of the composition and distribution of the waste generated by the households as a function of socio-demographic data. Furthermore, the paper describes the various household treatment strategies dependent on specific waste material types. Several types of household waste can be differentiated by statistical cluster analysis. These household types are characterised not only by the amount of waste generated but also by socio-economic status and waste treatment practices. The results obtained are used to develop a range of waste management strategies, each relating to a household type and characterised by its generated amount, waste material type and spatial urban distribution. Since the strategies are adapted to the requirements and needs of the households, they are more readily accepted by the population concerned. Such socially anchored strategies will contribute to improving the waste situation in the city of Santiago de Cuba and allow an optimised allocation of local resources.