马修·阿诺德对威廉·华兹华斯的评价浅析

马修·阿诺德根据“诗歌即人生批评”的诗学理念．给出了威廉·华兹华斯在其诗人排行榜上的显赫位置。阿诺德提出,华兹华斯的卓越之处,不仅在于其能把思想崇高而深刻地运用到生活中,而且在于其师法自然、质朴无华的创作风格。同时,华兹华斯之所以还未被公众所广泛认可．主要是存在影响其声誉的三大障碍：良莠不齐的诗作堆积;不拘常理的排列标准;虚无缥缈的哲学体系。要让华兹华斯的价值得以展现,就必须消除这些障碍。     

Women and the Nobel Prize for peace

The Nobel Prize for Peace has been awarded for over 100 years. While the formal criteria for selection have not changed, there has been an evolution in the kind of choices made. To better understand those choices I have grouped individual winners into five distinct categories. The two largest groups are national leaders working within the international legal system and peace activists. The other three are: opponents capable of exercising force who agree to stop using it; individuals pursuing justice, freedom and/or rights nonviolently as a prelude to peace; and those offering selfless service. Some winners have focused on ending conflict. This kind of peace is sometimes called `negative'. Others have sought a `positive' peace, one based on justice. While at least one woman falls into each of the categories, those which involve the application of law and/or force have only one woman each. Women are primarily peace activists. They won in ten of the seventy-one years that individuals won. Three won in the first fifty years. There was then a thirty-year hiatus, but since 1976 eight women have been winners. They vary in nationality, age and class, but in only one case did the individual work through well-established institutions. Most acted either as individuals or were founding participants in new organizations.     

Rub Out the Past: Nostalgia and the Cut-Up Works of William S. Burroughs

Abstract

William S. Burroughs’ cut-up texts of the 1960s have been read as a representation of the author’s attempt to escape the repressive hold of nostalgic memory. I show that this reading is flawed and argue that the treatment of memory in Burroughs’ cut-up works can be more successfully read in terms of Svetlana Boym’s concept of ‘reflective nostalgia’. Through examining Burroughs’ 1965 text ‘St. Louis Return’ alongside a page from his contemporaneous ‘Black Scrapbook’, I provide a reading that counters earlier critical responses to the cut-ups: firstly, by belying the assumption that Burroughs’ use of the cut-up technique enabled the author to overcome the allure of nostalgic memory; secondly, by demonstrating the importance of the nostalgic theme across Burroughs’ body of work; and thirdly, by challenging prevailing conceptions of nostalgia as an inherently sterile and reactionary impulse.     

‘Upholding the Banner of Islam’: British Converts to Islam and the Liverpool Muslim Institute,c.1887–1908

Much has been written in recent years about the life of William Henry Abdullah Quilliam, late-Victorian propagator of Islam in Britain and founder of the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI). However, little attention has been given to Quilliam's fellow British Muslim converts, who constituted Britain's first indigenous Muslim community. This article briefly looks at the LMI as a missionary organisation. It then quantifies and examines the socio-demographics and post-conversion lives of the British Muslim community. It argues that individual commitment to both the LMI and Islam was affected by discrimination and misunderstanding of Muslims and their faith in society. However, by considering the fate of the Muslims following the LMI's demise, it is shown that a core of resolute converts held fast to their beliefs and played an important role in the consolidation of Islam in early twentieth-century Britain.     

Properties of Designs in Experiments on Spatial Lattices

ABSTRACT

When spatial variation is present in experiments, it is clearly sensible to use designs with favorable properties under both generalized and ordinary least squares. This will make the statistical analysis more robust to misspecification of the spatial model than would be the case if designs were based solely on generalized least squares. In this article, treatment information is introduced as a way of studying the ordinary least squares properties of designs. The treatment information is separated into orthogonal frequency or polynomial components which are assumed to be independent under the spatial model. The well-known trend-resistant designs are those with no treatment information at the very low order frequency or polynomial components which tend to have the higher variances under the spatial model. Ideally, designs would be chosen with all the treatment information distributed at the higher-order components. However, the results in this article show that there are limits on how much trend resistance can be achieved as there are many constraints on the treatment information. In addition, appropriately chosen Williams squares designs are shown to have favorable properties under both ordinary and generalized least squares. At all times, the ordinary least squares properties of the designs are balanced against the generalized least squares objectives of optimizing neighbor balance.     

手性合成技术与2001年诺贝尔化学奖

简要介绍了 2 0 0 1年诺贝尔化学奖得主美国科学家W .S .诺尔斯 (WilliamS .Knowles ,1917- )和K .B .夏普利斯 (K .BarrySharpless,194 1- )以及日本名古屋大学野依良治 (RyojiNoyori 193 8- )教授的主要研究成果及其手性合成技术应用情况     

戈尔丁小说中人物姓名的文化内涵

从文化批评的角度,对戈尔丁小说中的人物姓名进行文化阐释.以<蝇王>为例解读戈尔丁小说中姓名与人物性格的关系,进而揭示<蝇王>人物姓名的原型意义;以<品彻@马丁>为语料揭示姓名与作品主题的关联,以姓名变化为线索对品彻@马丁的二度死亡之谜进行破解,并据此提出相应的姓名翻译策略.     

Defining the severely mentally disabled

A definition of the "known target population of severely mentally disabled" in community mental health centers is examined. Criteria include intensive treatment contact and persistent, severe disability, but not diagnosis. Feasible and reliable screening procedures are demonstrated. In the identified population, most subjects at some time had received a diagnosis of schizophrenia and had been on public assistance. These criteria apply to catchmented treatment systems and should be useful in services research.     

Evaluation in the community mental health centers program: A bold new reproach?

The Federal Community Mental Health Centers Program (CMHC)-from 1963 to 1981-was heralded as a revolution in mental health care. Championed by many, and severely criticized by others, the actual impact of the program on the nation's mental health remains unclear. The authorization to evaluate the CMHC Program came originally from congressional legislation (PL 90-174), and later from the policies and regulations of NIMH under a series of Federal laws, notably PL 94-63. From 1976-1980, two dominant evaluation strategies were prevalent: funds expended by NIMH each year for studies of CMHC services or program-wide evaluations, and a much larger expenditure by CMHCs to conduct their own, independent evaluations following federal guidelines. As the Center's Program was turned over to the states in the form of block grants (PL 97-35), a group of professionals involved with setting and carrying out federal CMHC evaluation policy of both varieties met in public forum to debate the impact of these two evaluation approaches. While some participants cited gains in evaluation technology and impact upon local management of CMHCs, others found the lack of a coordinated and systematic approach to evaluating the CMHC Program to have been an opportunity missed. The impact of CMHC evaluation efforts are also discussed in terms of their major contribution to the field of evaluation research as a whole.     

金斯密《道德经》译介中的跨文化操纵

1899年,英国汉学家金斯密在《中国评论》上将《道德经》译介到了英语世界,为推动19世纪《道德经》在英语世界的传播和影响作出了一定贡献。但由于受西方中心主义思想以及西方学术文化和基督教意识形态影响,他在译介《道德经》过程中用西方的诗学观念和意识形态指导自己的翻译过程,对原文实施了跨文化操纵。具体操纵手段表现为:文化意象替代、增添、删减和改写。