论禅、庄对李贽"童心说"的影响

"童心说"是李贽思想的核心,其观点和理论很大程度上源于禅宗和庄子学说.禅宗思想启示了李贽对"本心"、"真心"的重视,并构筑了"童心说"的理论框架.庄子思想则赋予了"童心"反伪贵真的精神,使之能向着启蒙的方向发展.当然,"童心说"的理论渊源也并不止于禅学和庄学.     

ATTITUDES,POLICIES, AND WORK

We study whether cultural attitudes towards gender, the young, and leisure are significant determinants of the employment rates of women and of the young, and of hours worked. We do this controlling for policies, institutions and other structural characteristics of the economy which may influence labor market outcomes. We identify the effect of culture exploiting the evolution over time within country, as well as across countries, of cultural attitudes. We also address the endogeneity of attitudes, policies, and institutions, and allow for the persistent nature of labor market outcomes. We find that culture matters for women's employment rates and for hours worked. However, policies, in particular employment protection legislation and taxes, are also important and their quantitative impact substantial.     

Racial conflict and the malignancy of identity

This paper demonstrates how our sense of identity can emerge out of mere markers of social distinction that may have no innate significance, but, nevertheless, spread to various aspects of our lives and be the root of conflict. The basis of such conflicts could arise from the use of race to form conditional judgments about people's behavior. Moreover, there are contexts where racial conflict is inevitable even though, if individuals had common knowledge of one another's preferences, there would be no conflict. It is argued that this kind of conflict, where many individuals have no innate aggressive preference, is widespread and understanding the process that gives rise to such conflict is the key to crafting effective policy that contains it.     

湖北宜城方言变韵探究

湖北宜城方言存在大量的变韵现象。宜城方言的D变韵是因“家”字的合音而成;其Z变韵表现为一个颤音r,无U化的倾向;其Z变韵处于该类变韵的早期阶段,早于襄阳方言、河南中北部和山西南部的Z变韵;儿化韵表现为一个舌尖卷舌的无擦通音,“儿”字已经融入前字的韵母,属于融合型。宜城方言的儿化韵有指小的功能,在多数情况下,有表亲切的感情色彩义和表口语的语体色彩义。宜城方言的动词变韵大多表示动作的完成或进行,或状态的持续;动词重叠变韵表示完成且带有一种责难、批评和埋怨的语气;不及物动词变韵大都由语气助词引起,表达祈使、命令、征询等语气色彩;动词变韵的“D”主要表达句子的体特征,是句子层面的构形成分,不是后缀,应称为体黏附语素。人称代词方面,宜城方言的人称代词变韵具有表复数意义的功能;指示代词变韵方面,“D”的功能相当于量词“个”。     

“Spilling the tea” on generation Z social media use and body image

Over ninety percent of American teens and the majority of children have smartphones. As access to social media increases so does the growing concern for the psychological well-being of today's youth. The current cross-sectional study examined the media use, appearance pressure, and body image of 150 Midwestern American Generation Z (born in 1997–2012) youth. This study assessed media use by child-report, parent-report, and by gathering data directly from the child's smartphone. Results demonstrated that media use was higher in teens than children, but did not suggest strong gender differences. The data also showed the inconsistencies present in media use reporting, with parents overestimating the amount of time their children spend on phones. Media use was found to be unrelated to body image. Media pressure and social media integration into participants’ social routines were intercorrelated and higher in the older age groups than the younger ones. Media pressure and media use was found to be less gendered than expected, but greatly shifted with age. Time spent on social media may be less influential on body image than the content of the media being consumed.     

“美”眼看“译诗”——解读许渊冲的英译诗《声声慢》

以许渊冲的英译诗《声声慢》为研究对象,对该英译诗所体现的“三美原则”和“化之”之艺术进行探析。认为这首英译诗充分发挥了译语的优势,将原语婉约含蓄的美升华为译语直白而准确的美,将原语静态实物描写的美升华为译语动态、通感的美,同时具有语音音律关的特征。在此基础上提出赏析英译诗也需要审美的眼睛,以矫正对诗词翻译的偏见。     

The impact of tourism and finance on women empowerment

The Goal-5 of United Nations Development Agenda for gender equality and women empowerment through equalizing the ratio of girls and boys enrolment in primary education remains suffered in almost every part of the globalized world, which does not even violate the basic human rights while it is the mandatory foundation for global peace and prosperity. The contribution of international tourism development to empower women is the key initiative of the developed world to provide an equal opportunity to the women to sustain their livelihoods. This study focused on the role of international tourism development on women empowerment through mediating a number of financial factors in a panel of 24 selected European countries, over a period of 1990–2015. The results show that financial intermediaries act as a catalyst to empower women through international tourism. More specifically, tourism and financial factors promote (i) gender parity in tertiary enrollment, (ii) gender parity in primary and secondary school enrollment, (iii) female employment, and (iv) women’s share in non-agriculture wage employment, while the results further support the (i) growth-led tourism, (ii) finance-led growth, (iii) growth stimulate women empowerment, and (iv) tourism-induced women’s empowerment hypothesis across countries.     

The importance of cultural and economic influences behind the decision to attend higher education

This paper examines the relationship between economic and cultural variables and the decision to attend university. We find that a student is more likely to aspire to attend university if: they have the Internet at home; are encouraged by their teachers; or attend a Catholic or independent school rather than a public school. Our analysis also suggests that the level of parent support is important (with a marginal effect larger than that for teacher encouragement) and this level of support may be linked to the parent's level of educational attainment. Importantly, we find that including cultural and economic variables in a model of students’ aspirations significantly increases the power to predict when a student does not aspire to attend university.     

A network perspective on international banking integration

The aim of this article is to develop new international banking integration indicators together with their components: openness and regularity (balance) of the bilateral bank flows. We define the Standard of Perfect Banking Integration (SPBI), which characterizes the scenario attainable when bank flows are not geographically biased, and cross-border asset trade is not affected by home bias. We assess the gap between a hypothetical scenario of geographic neutrality and the current level of banking integration, along with both of its components. The empirical application to the banking systems of 23 countries over the 2003–2009 period enables us to conclude that the level of banking integration has advanced rapidly over the last few years and, according to our indicators, is close to 45% as of 2009, i.e., we are not halfway to the SPBI. However, notable differences among countries are both persistent and growing, and the integration level achieved for each banking system differs when either assessed from the bank inflows or outflows perspective.     

Using fractionalization indexes: deriving methodological principles for growth studies from time series evidence

Recent cross-country growth studies have found that ethnolinguistic fractionalization is an important explanatory variable of long-run growth performance. This paper highlights some limitations of cross-country studies by focusing on the time series evidence for South Africa. In presenting variation over time in a number of social dimensions, this paper adds longitudinal evidence on a range of dimensions that have been linked to long run economic development. Given South Africa’s history of ethnic and racial politics, it constitutes a useful case study to explore the dynamics of the possible effects of ethnolinguistic fractionalization on growth. We introduce several new sets of fractionalization indicators for South Africa: ethnolinguistic, religious and cultural fractionalization, and a polarization measure. The results of this study provide important nuance to the existing body of evidence, for the use of fractionalization indices in growth studies.