“十九世纪的第一部小说”——试论《诺桑觉寺》

《诺桑觉寺》是奥斯丁第一部成熟的小说。从现实主义、内容题旨、人物塑造、情节结构、女性文学等角度来看，《诺桑觉寺》在19世纪英国小说史上占有一席之地。     

走进“多样” 享受诗歌——浅析臧克家20世纪30、40年代诗歌中的意象建构艺术

臧克家20世纪30、40年代的诗歌紧紧围绕现实主义内容,选取了多种意象,构建了多样化的意象群,运用了多种意象营造和组合方式,如纪实型、多维型、幻变型等;采用了多种意象排列方式,如并置型、复合型、平行型等。多样的意象和多样的方式成就了他诗歌的多样化形态,构成了其诗歌俗而有味的意境,显示出了现实主义诗歌的独特魅力。     

三十年代初左翼文学与现实主义理论

在中国现代文学史上，现实主义的历史感召力并非建立在理论的元话语意义上，而是取决于中国社会的内在渴望和必然需求。对于三十年代左翼理论界而言，“现实主义”从来就是理论上的预设。左翼文学的几次理论调整，从新写实主义到唯物辩证法的创作方法再到社会主义的现实主义，都未能解决作为现实主义理论核心的真实性与主体性问题，从而使现实主义偏离求真之路，成为延伸至当代的文化遗传。     

现实主义的灵魂——陈忠实与柳青创作的真实性比较

真实是现实主义文学的生命和灵魂，也是众多以现实主义为宗旨的作家努力追求的创作目标。在当代文学发展的不同时期，由于客观环境的制约和作家主观认识的差异，现实主义的真实性在创作中呈现出不同的表现。作为“十七年”文学代表作家的柳青遵奉在先进世界观指导下的真实观，而新时期文学代表作家陈忠实更注重以独特的生命体验去超越时代和政治局限，描写生活的多面性和复杂性，追求历史的本质真实。     

浅议《犀牛》对人的哲学思索

本文以尤内斯库的名剧《犀牛》为例,第一部分简要介绍了该剧作的创作特点,第二部分重点分析了荒诞派将西方戏剧传统的"净化"的功能转变为以体验为主的教化功能,其追求的是一种心理的主观真实和外在的荒谬表达。     

A legal realist view on citizen actions in Hong Kong's umbrella movement

This article considers the legal validity of citizens' actions in civil disobedience as it pertains to the umbrella movement in Hong Kong. It introduces the critical approach of “legal realism” in order to reconsider normative law, such as police enforcement and court interventions, in relation to political struggle. It has been argued that the legal precepts of rights, responsibility, and the rule of law are capable of contingent and contextually appropriate interpretations by different legal actors, including citizens who participate in civil disobedience. In politics, justice, and most importantly law, civil disobedience offers an alternative legal normativity to consider the citizen's right, and even duty, to express dissent. Furthermore, this right or duty is legally persuasive and conducive to guarding democratic principles.     

Abstractions on steroids: A critical realist approach to computer simulations

Computer simulations are increasingly used within various fields of the social sciences, including analytical sociology and computational social science. However, the method has yet to fully find its place within critical realism, generally regarded as reductionist and methodological individualist and thus inadequate to the task of grasping the full and enigmatic complexity of social life. This article contributes to the discussion by suggesting an alternative approach to computer simulations in the social realm. Instead of representing reality, simulations are seen as a way of boosting abstraction by enabling us to isolate and study the effects of emergent mechanisms. The need for such tools is growing more urgent in an age characterized by rapid change and global networks of causal interrelation. Hence there is a need not only for new tools to deal with causal complexity within critical realism, but also for a critical realist perspective to fill the meta‐theoretical vacuum on which the simulation approach is largely based. The approach developed here provides a challenge to the predominant ways in which simulations are utilized today, with increasingly sophisticated models aiming towards realistic representation on the basis of empirical data.     

The Place of Construction in Sociological Realism

In the contemporary epistemological debate on social reality, characterized by the crisis of post‐modern theories and the emergence of new forms of realism, are there any approaches not acknowledging some specific ontological character to the construction of social objects? The question is apparently rhetorical, but the implication of this problem are not obvious. In the sociological literature the opposition between reality and construction is not clearly defined. Sometimes it is considered a dichotomy, in other situations the synthesis of alternative theses in a dialectical horizon. The more systematic attempt considers reality and construction as analytical macro‐dimensions where the relation between social ontology and epistemology operates. From this stance, the acknowledgement of the role of social construction in a wider realist horizon is the true overtaking of postmodern philosophy. If it is true that facts exist beyond representations, it is also true that representations themselves have a specific effect on reality, who continually re‐structures itself around specific relations of emergent power. Stating that reality is socially constructed is an evident limit of postmodern theories. On the other hand, stating that only facts exist constitute an impoverishment of realism and its replacement in neo‐positivism. Social phenomena are real because they are based on specific properties of the inter‐subjective construction of social reality. This thesis represents the revitalization of an advanced, anti‐positivistic realism and the definition of the specificity of social objects. The aim of this essay is to search for a specific place of construction within the development of realist social ontology.     

Feminist Christian Realism

While Christianity and feminism may seem at odds with one another, both make normative claims about justice and addressing the needs of those on the margins of power. This article explores what feminism contributes to Christian realism. The current revival of Niebuhrian Christian realism highlights how much it still has to offer as a theoretical underpinning for policy and governance. However, Christian realism remains wedded to masculinist abstractions and power structures, such as the balance of power, that are ultimately harmful to those on the margins. Thus, this article uses feminism to argue for a greater acceptance of vulnerability and obligation in Christian realism.     

Narrative social work: conversations between theory and practice

This paper begins by reviewing the current situation in social work practice. It is contended that much of the literature around social work consists of diverse models of practice that urge social workers to take up various theoretical positions. Equally, social workers are often encouraged to listen to the views of service users. In this complexity, it is often difficult for social workers to know which approach to take. This paper goes on to propose a narrative-based approach to social work practice. Narrative social work is defined as a conversation between theory and practice, which can lead to development in both social workers and service users. An example from the lead author's practice is used to outline the model in action. The paper concludes with some comments about the values inherent in narrative based social work.