论古代犹太妇女的教育

在《圣经》时代,犹太教育具有明显的宗教特色。对于接受最基本的宗教教育来说,犹太妇女和男子之间的受教育机会还没有形成明显的差别。但是,随着公元一世纪学校的建立,妇女被排除在正规教育以外的现象日益凸现。犹太妇女之所以在受教育机会、受教育内容及受教育程度上与男子均存在差异,首先是由于妇女和男子不平等的宗教地位,同时也源于男权社会对妇女的角色定位以及男权社会对女性接受教育存在着根深蒂固的偏见。     

Tongues of fire: women's suicide and self‐injury by burns in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Self‐burning and self‐immolation are forms of self‐harm found across the Eastern Mediterranean region and South and Central Asia. The majority of those choosing these methods of self‐harm are young women. Using data from 100 young female survivors of suicidal attempts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, this article analyses the phenomenon in the context of a life‐course progression arguing that the period around first marriage is a time of particular trauma to women. We suggest that self‐burning should be understood as a communicative act with an indigenous semiology which functions as an expression of subordinated agency within a male‐dominated society, in which marriage is a major source of conflict between generations and genders.     

Re-covered: Wangechi Mutu,Kenyatta A.C. Hinkle,and the postcolonial potentiality of black women in colonial(ist) photographs

By pasting on, cutting into and drawing over images of bodies, artists Wangechi Mutu and Kenyatta A.C. Hinkle re-cover colonialist photographs to recover postcolonial black female subjectivities. In her project, The Uninvited, ongoing since 2009, Hinkle has literally and conceptually drawn upon colonial-era postcards that feature photographs of nude West African girls and women, while Mutu has strategically combined images of black African and black American women from ethnographic and pornographic magazines to create her Ark Collection (2006). In the artists’ hands, the black female body is no longer shot, captured, framed or otherwise subjected to the camera. The narrative force and assumed veracity of photography is denied by ambiguous re-presentations of the multifaceted, processual nature of both art and the self. Moreover, rather than merely suggest the subjugation and fragmentation of black women, the works represent the postcolonial potentiality of transformation and agency.     

‘Now,We Have the Same Rights as Men to Keep Our Jobs’: Gendered Perceptions of Opportunity and Obstacles in a Mexican Workplace

Drawing on extensive qualitative data at a Mexican‐owned multinational corporation, this case study investigates professional employees’ perceptions of changes to a prohibitive work policy requiring women to quit working upon marriage and having children. Employees believed the policy change meant working women were valued employees, but how this translated into opportunity highlighted distinct views of the types of positions professional women could occupy at the company, reinforcing sex‐segregated job allocation. Whereas women's narratives pointed to cultural resistance, men's narratives attributed the dearth of women in higher level positions to their lack of professionalism and commitment to work. The work policy change only guaranteed the right for women to work as the company modernized to fit the neoliberal demands of the global marketplace. Now women faced the challenge of turning that right into career advancement in a traditionally masculine‐defined company. I argue that even with the policy change, gendered discourses on women in professional occupations constructed and maintained gender inequities in the workplace. This study contributes to the scholarly discussion on gendered discourses within the context of global restructuring by showing how mechanisms at work maintain gender inequity in the workplace.     

Temporary liberties and uncertain futures: young female Muslim perceptions of life in England

This article explores how young female Muslim university students in London and Birmingham experience life in England. Through focus groups and interviews, talk about three main topics was collected: how young Muslims frame their identities; how they are perceived by others; and how they perceive Muslims to be portrayed and represented in public life. Analysis shows that the participants: presented themselves as ambitious and autonomous; experienced direct and indirect exclusion as young Muslims; perceived a lack of diverse Muslims role models and ambassadors in public life; and that, despite their optimism, felt their futures in Britain were uncertain. The young people recognised the temporary liberties they have around dress and practice as university students that are potentially restricted in wider society. The research highlights the problems created by stigmatising public discourse around Islamist extremism that fuels narrow, deficit-focused policy that exacerbates the exclusion of young Muslims.     

Wage differentials within a female‐dominated occupation: Domestic workers in informal and flexible jobs in Portugal

The authors use an original cross‐sectional data set to examine the impact of informal and flexible contractual arrangements on the wages of domestic workers hired by private employers in Portugal. OLS estimations suggest that formality benefits workers, whether they have a stable or a flexible contract. However, social and labour market processes help to shape and maintain inequality, especially for migrant workers. Although skills are undervalued and do not generate rewards, higher wages are identified for workers who are engaged in contingent work, work for multiple employers or provide care for the elderly. However, such workers are still subject to exploitation and insecurity.     

Occupational segregation by hours of work in Europe

This article quantifies the levels of occupational segregation between part‐time and full‐time work using data from the European Labour Force Survey for 15 European countries. It also attempts to identify some of the determinants of segregation through regression analysis using three groups of indicators (quantity of employment, quality of employment and institutional factors). Occupational segregation by hours of work is generally higher for males than for females and is also higher for young workers versus adult workers. It is also found that segregation for men is correlated with the quantity of employment, while variables from all three groups of indicators are important for adult women and young workers.     

Women's provisioning work: counting the cost for women living on low income

This paper reports on a research project that uses the concept of provisioning as a starting place in understanding the activities women in marginalized communities undertake to provide for themselves and members of their households and neighborhoods. This project explores the household and collective provisioning undertaken by women who are all part of formal community organizations in Canada. The work women do is explored from the dimension of women's relationships of responsibility. This vantage point uncovers a complex web of activity including paid employment, voluntary work, care work, exchanges of goods and services, community work, and self-provisioning. In addition, the provisioning strategies that women use when public resources are scarce are explored. In the face of significant cutbacks in public provision of goods and services, women are engaging in a complex network of activities in order to compensate through private provisioning for resources that are no longer available through public provisioning. The policy context in which these strategies are pursued is explored as well as the way in which risky policies produce risky coping strategies.     

清代女性词观的近代转向

清代词家在推尊词体,将词论入诗教的过程中,对于词之女性书写的批评逐渐在词学体系内显现出独立发展的脉络。总体来看,词坛对女性词的批评离不开"情",闺情题材的本质化给予了女性词作者地位的合法性,形成女性词以婉丽为正宗的文体观念;清中期以后,对女性词的雅化要求渗透着妇德女教道德审视,却表明对女性词的批评开始剥离原本附着的男性欲望对象化符号和家国之思隐喻符号意义;随着晚清词坛论说焦点转向真情论,清代词家对女性词的批评转向关注女性个体命运,认可女性词作为抒发女性真实生活情感之文学载体地位。况周颐自成一体的女性词评论体系,表明女性词批评终于脱离符号化与象征化定位,实现了理论意义上的文体独立性。     

明清时期徽州女子的择偶标准

明清时期,受到朱子《家礼》的影响,徽州宗族严格规定女子择偶需重视对方的家世门第与人品才学而贫富不论,形成了一套以门第为主、兼顾才学、不重财富的择偶标准,徽州女子择偶往往无自主权,全凭宗族家长决定。但透过森严的族规家法和官方文献,徽州女子也有着自己的一套择偶标准,家世才学、财富、外貌即是其中的重要内容。