African American and European American Women's Marital Well‐Being

Using a sample of 247 African American and European American women in their 3rd year of marriage, this study compared the predictors of marital well‐being for each group by focusing on the influences of individual, interpersonal, and social and economic resources. Regression analyses revealed that emotional health (individual), trusting one's spouse (interpersonal), and feeling underbenefited in the relationship (interpersonal) were significant predictors of marital well‐being for both groups of women. Physical health (individual) and in‐law relations (social and economic), however, affected the marital well‐being of only African American women. Findings from this study suggest the need to examine marital well‐being within the context of race.     

Explaining the Decline in Women's Household Labor: Individual Change and Cohort Differences

Women's hours of housework have declined, but does this change represent shifts in the behavior of individuals or differences across cohorts? Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, individual and cohort change in housework are examined over a 13‐year period. Responsibility for household tasks declined 10% from 1974–75 to 1987–88. For individual women, changes in housework are associated with life course shifts in time availability as well as with changes in gender attitudes and marital status, but are not related to changes in relative earnings. Cohort differences exist in responsibility for housework in the mid‐1970s and they persist over the 13‐year period. Overall, these findings suggest that aggregate changes in women's household labor reflect both individual change and cohort differences.     

Work Choices of Mothers in Families with Children with Disabilities

This study used a sample of single and married mothers with children under the age of 20 drawn from the 1992 and 1993 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine one facet of the economic implications a child with disabilities brings to a family. Specifically, the choice of women with children to work full time, part time, or not at all was estimated as a function of individual and family characteristics, including the number and ages of children with disabilities. The presence of young children, with or without disabilities, has a significant negative influence on the work choice of both single and married mothers. However, once children enter elementary school, single mothers with disabled or nondisabled children and married mothers with nondisabled children are significantly more likely to enter the labor market or increase their labor market hours than are married mothers of school‐age children with disabilities.     

Meeting Family Housing Needs: Experiences of Rural Women in the Midst of Welfare Reform

Though sometimes overlooked, the availability, affordability, and quality of housing in rural communities are a potential barrier to transitioning from welfare to work. In this investigation we examine housing issues confronting 17 rural women and their families who were recipients of welfare benefits in 1997. Respondents' housing accounts illustrate the significance of reliance on both government housing subsidies and informal subsidies supplied by friends, family, and more distant relatives. The study focuses on concerns women have in meeting their families shelter needs and the complexities involved in doing so. The findings of the research suggest that additional housing policy initiatives, as well as a targeted research agenda are needed, especially for families whose welfare benefits are nearing termination.     

中国退耕还林政策之社会性别分析——以宁夏、贵州为例

以社会性别的视角分析退耕还林政策的文本与实践,可以发现其中存在不少盲点和问题,如在立法与实施的环节大多缺乏社会性别视角、有关法律法规缺乏配套,导致妇女林业、土地等权利未能得到保障,未能很好地发挥妇女在社会生产生活中的作用。作者主张,在当前中国退耕还林生产力比较落后的情况下,应着重满足社会性别的实践性需要,逐步满足社会性别的战略性需要,在立法与实践中逐步实现社会性别主流化,以促进妇女发展与社会的发展。     

论阿富汗妇女地位的历史演变

近期阿富汗妇女成为世人关注的焦点。在许多人眼里 ,塔利班对妇女的歧视和限制达到无以复加的地步。本文论述 1919年阿富汗独立后妇女地位的历史演变     

日本山岳信仰中的女性禁制

在日本民俗文化之中,女性占据着重要的位置,一方面对女性无上崇敬,但另一方面又对女性规定了种种的禁忌.尤其是在日本的山岳信仰中,对女性的禁忌--"女人禁制"这一现象较为突出.     

陈文述论

在乾嘉之际诗坛上 ,陈文述是袁枚的忠实追随者 ,二人之间的联系是以深层文化内涵为纽带而建立的。陈文述对袁枚的追随体现了“性灵”说的地域文化性 ,表明“性灵”思潮并未随袁枚去世而消歇 ;他对袁氏性灵特色的保持与新的时代氛围之间的不和谐 ,则显示了袁枚“性灵”论的先天不足 ;而他继袁枚之后对女性诗人的表彰推举 ,则成为女性在文学领域继续开拓的有力促动     

When Loss Becomes Gain: Transforming Women’s ‘Internal Saboteur’

Even as they strive for their, own self-definition, women hold onto old relational ties. In this paper, two ease examples are used to elucidate the complex relationships that women have with their earliest caregivers—mainly their mothers. The cases demonstrate how women remain fixed in early familial internalizations and identifications and find themselves repeating patterns of self-sabotage that impede their success. The relational approach to psychotherapy, furthered by the analyst’s use of the transference-countertransference paradigm, can create the gateway to explore and understand patients’ internal barriers to growth. The analysis can then help patients to achieve a more integrated self-view that allows them to enjoy success and fulfillment in both their private and public lives.     

Negotiating the New Market: Women,Families, Women’s Organizations and the Economic Transition in Poland

Women have been affected more negatively than men by the economic transformation in Poland. They are the majority of the unemployed and the poor, they have a more difficult time finding jobs, and their incomes are significantly lower than mens. The disadvantageous position of women on the labor market, coupled with increasing governmental withdrawal from social provisioning like childcare, health care, and education, has created problems for families, especially for growing numbers of single mothers and two-parent low-income families. The transition to a market economy also has generated a steady growth of womens organizations which have stepped in where the state has withdrawn from social provisioning and provide assistance to women and their families. These organizations are not only helping women and low-income families adjust to the new market situation, but also to negotiate the market so that it better responds to their needs.