“法律基础”课教学法的改革与实践

在法律基础课教学活动中 ,充分强调学生的主体作用 ,鼓励学生参与到每个教学环节。老师首先指出重点 ,引导阅读 ,然后指导学生讨论、讲解 ,最后总结 ,回答提问。其核心思想是教学活动中师生的“互动” ,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力     

谈四六级考试改革后的课堂教学

文章主要从教学内容、教学模式、课时及测评等方面,探讨了四六级考试改革后的一些教学应对措施,以期对今后大学英语教学质量的提高有一定的促进作用。     

工程建设项目投资控制

论述投资控制的关键环节,提出投资控制工作的实施要点,阐明投资控制工作的必要性、可行性和重大意义.     

文化差异给英汉翻译带来的困难

翻译涉及到语言和文化。本文从五个方面阐述了不同的文化观念给翻译带来的困难,并以举例的方式提出了解决这些困难的方法。     

A modified random-effect procedure for combining risk difference in sets of 2×2 tables from clinical trials

Summary Meta-analyses of sets of clinical trials often combine risk differences from several 2×2 tables according to a random-effects model. The DerSimonian-Laird random-effects procedure, widely used for estimating the populaton mean risk difference, weights the risk difference from each primary study inversely proportional to an estimate of its variance (the sum of the between-study variance and the conditional within-study variance). Because those weights are not independent of the risk differences, however, the procedure sometimes exhibits bias and unnatural behavior. The present paper proposes a modified weighting scheme that uses the unconditional within-study variance to avoid this source of bias. The modified procedure has variance closer to that available from weighting by ideal weights when such weights are known. We studied the modified procedure in extensive simulation experiments using situations whose parameters resemble those of actual studies in medical research. For comparison we also included two unbiased procedures, the unweighted mean and a sample-size-weighted mean; their relative variability depends on the extent of heterogeneity among the primary studies. An example illustrates the application of the procedures to actual data and the differences among the results. This research was supported by Grant HS 05936 from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to Harvard University.     

论高校“思想道德修养”课教学方法的创新——以德育课内容为主体，将音乐融入课堂教学

"思想道德修养"作为高校"两课"中的思想品德课,要提高它的教学实效,其中最重要的一个环节就是在教学方法上创新.文章从"思想道德修养"课教学的现状、音乐的辅德优势、将音乐融入"思想道德修养"课的具体方法与优势等方面探讨了提高"思想道德修养"课教学实效的新方法,即在坚持德育课主体内容的同时,以音乐为辅助手段,将德育课内容与音乐作品有机结合.这种教学方法可以在很大程度上提高教学质量.     

教育心理学研究方法体系的发展历程与新取向

教育心理学在其独立成为一门学科时,就借鉴自然学科的研究方法初步建立起了包括研究方法论、研究方式、具体方法和技术三层次的研究方法体系。经过学科建立20世纪到50年代的发展和60年代后的完善,逐渐形成了较为完善的教育心理学研究方法体系。在新的历史条件下,其研究方法论、方式和方法表现出综合化、生态化、科学化、本土化等发展取向。     

EXCEL的广泛应用

EXCEL电子表格处理数据的功能强大,应用简单且广泛,本文用两个例子具体阐述了EXCEL两个方面的功能。     

斜腿刚构桥几何布局的优化设计

采用数学规划的方法从静力和动力两方面对斜腿刚构桥的几何布局进行优化设计。静力优化设计的优化目标是截面截面应力平方均值最小，动力优化设计的优化目标是结构自振周期平方和最小。采用了直接搜索法寻优。通过算例可知，这两种优化设计方法均可行，且均为刚性设计。     

Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape

Summary.  A general class of statistical models for a univariate response variable is presented which we call the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). The model assumes independent observations of the response variable y given the parameters, the explanatory variables and the values of the random effects. The distribution for the response variable in the GAMLSS can be selected from a very general family of distributions including highly skew or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions. The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modelling not only of the mean (or location) but also of the other parameters of the distribution of y , as parametric and/or additive nonparametric (smooth) functions of explanatory variables and/or random-effects terms. Maximum (penalized) likelihood estimation is used to fit the (non)parametric models. A Newton–Raphson or Fisher scoring algorithm is used to maximize the (penalized) likelihood. The additive terms in the model are fitted by using a backfitting algorithm. Censored data are easily incorporated into the framework. Five data sets from different fields of application are analysed to emphasize the generality of the GAMLSS class of models.