清廷守旧派对义和团迷信的认可与利用

庚子年,以慈禧为首的清廷守旧派因在"废立"等问题上与西方列强产生积怨,欲借助义和团仇洋排外,在八国联军入侵的形势下,对义和团"神道灭洋"不仅表示认可,且欲加以利用。清廷守旧派认可、利用义和团迷信,引起其他官绅阶层的坚决反对,从一个侧面反映出清政府统治危机因"庚子事变"而加剧的状况。     

On the Flexibility of Metropolis–Hastings Acceptance Probabilities in Auxiliary Variable Proposal Generation

Abstract. Use of auxiliary variables for generating proposal variables within a Metropolis–Hastings setting has been suggested in many different settings. This has in particular been of interest for simulation from complex distributions such as multimodal distributions or in transdimensional approaches. For many of these approaches, the acceptance probabilities that are used turn up somewhat magic and different proofs for their validity have been given in each case. In this article, we will present a general framework for construction of acceptance probabilities in auxiliary variable proposal generation. In addition to showing the similarities between many of the proposed algorithms in the literature, the framework also demonstrates that there is a great flexibility in how to construct acceptance probabilities. With this flexibility, alternative acceptance probabilities are suggested. Some numerical experiments are also reported.     

Sampling inspection for resubmitted lots

Lot resubmissions are allowed in situations where the original inspection results are suspected or when the supplier is allowed to opt for resampling as per the provisions of the contract etc. This paper examines the situation of resampling of lots and derives the performance measures of a resampling scheme having a single sampling plan for inspection. The usefulness and limitations of resampling of resubmitted lots are also discussed     

Is Domestic Violence a Gender Issue,or a Human Issue?

Abstract

Domestic violence, like all violence, is a human issue. It is not merely a gender issue. Classifying spousal and partner violence as a women's issue, rather than a human issue, is erroneous. In domestic relations, women are as inclined as men to engage in physically abusive acts. Yet most reports appearing in the popular press, and in scholarly journals, have framed the issue as essentially a masculine form of assaultive behavior, thereby imbedding into the national consciousness a false and inaccurate view of the problem. This article presents the results of selected empirical studies that contradict the popular view of domestic violence, briefly focuses on the phenomenon as it relates to race, offers several elucidating case accounts, and suggests that the popular view of domestic violence not only contributes to men's increasing legal and social defenselessness, it also leads to social policies that obstruct efforts to address the problem of domestic violence successfully.     

Prospect Theory and Limit Lines

Risk acceptance criteria in the form of limit lines are investigated in the context of prospect theory. This theory departs from utility theory in several respects, an important one being the use of weights other than probabilities in the evaluation of the expected impact of uncertain outcomes. Hypothetical functions reflecting certain attitudes toward consequences and rare events are developed and combined to produce several limit lines.     

论楚辞对汉赋的影响

汉赋“受命于诗人 ,拓宇于《楚辞》。”汉大赋铺张扬厉、结构宏大、语言华丽、句式工整 ,这种审美情趣和特点直接受楚辞的影响 ,故有“楚艳汉侈”之说 ;抒情赋以《楚辞》为模仿对象 ,具有抒情述志 ,注重音韵节奏而篇幅不长等特点 ,它直接脱胎于《离骚》、《九章》。一方面是因为统治者需要歌功颂德 ,文人以辞赋创作作为进仕的手段 ;另一方面文人生活的困顿与挫折 ,诸多悲剧性的人生遭际 ,需要以辞赋写志抒情 ,楚辞也始终在赋家创作中起影响作用。以司马相如《天子游猎赋》为代表的以描写皇宫帝苑和帝王巡狩游宴为主要内容的汉大赋得楚辞之形 ,以贾谊《吊屈原赋》为代表的以抒写个人情志为主的抒情赋得楚辞之神 ,二者对楚辞各取所需而面目各异     

知音：穿越时空的心灵对话

刘勰《文心雕龙·知音》篇是中国古代较为完整的批评和接受理论,若以现代西方接受美学的视角进行观照,则“知 音”批评也是以读者为核心建立起来的批评理论;但“知音”批评较之早期接受美学过分强调读者创造性解读的作用,更具辨证 眼光。它将文本看成是作者与读者超越时空对话的产物,在充分考虑到读者的价值和意义的同时又不忽略作者和文本。     

关于西方现代性诗学的几个问题

以"世俗化、去宗教化"为总体特征的、正在生成中的西方现代性文化语境划定了西方现代文艺理论建构的限度及可能性空间。在现代性进程这样一个类似于"科学范式"、"知识型"的文化语境当中,先验领域的销蚀问题、人类主体性地位的确立问题、文学艺术自律问题、现世人生的拯救问题、科学与科学性问题等构成了西方现代性诗学建构的主要话题。深入探讨这些现代性诗学问题,有利于发掘西方现代性诗学生成的动力之源,进而可以为进一步建构现代性诗学提供参照、镜鉴。     

Kullback-leibler information approach to the optimum measurement point for bayesian estimation

When an appropriate parametric model and a prior distribution of its parameters are given to describe clinical time courses of a dynamic biological process, Bayesian approaches allow us to estimate the entire profiles from a few or even a single observation per subject. The goodness of the estimation depends on the measurement points at which the observations were made. The number of measurement points per subject is generally limited to one or two. The limited measurement points have to be selected carefully. This paper proposes an approach to the selection of the optimum measurement point for Bayesian estimations of clinical time courses. The selection is made among given candidates, based on the goodness of estimation evaluated by the Kullback-Leibler information. This information measures the discrepancy of an estimated time course from the true one specified by a given appropriate model. The proposed approach is applied to a pharmacokinetic analysis, which is a typical clinical example where the selection is required. The results of the present study strongly suggest that the proposed approach is applicable to pharmacokinetic data and has a wide range of clinical applications.     

法币发行制度与通货膨胀

旧中国的通货膨胀给中国带来的灾难是沉重的。究其原因 ,这与法币发行制度是密不可分的 :1935～ 1937年 ,国民政府建立了相对合理的法币发行制度 ,法币的发行量也基本适应经济发展的客观需要 ;但在 1937年后 ,国民政府修改了法币发行制度 ,并实行通货膨胀政策 ,于是通货膨胀逐步发展 ,以至滑入恶性的深渊