The management of managers: Disputing in an executive hierarchy

This paper focuses on the relationship between organizational rank and respectability and the way top managers handle their interpersonal grievances, conflicts, and disputes in an executive hierarchy. Formal grievance procedures are rarely used. Downward grievances (from a superior to a subordinate) are often settled unilaterally by the superior. Upward grievances are typically handled covertly by subordinates. Titular equals opt for a range of covert and confrontational tactics, many of which evolve into disputes and are settled by a common superior. Respectability within the executive ranks appears to enhance the ability of superiors to impose outcomes on grievances, conflicts, and disputes between and within subordinates, to decrease the hostility of upward grievances, and to decrease vulnerability of subordinates to sanctions by their superiors.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, Washington, DC, June 1987.     

Habitat equivalency in urban estuaries: An analytical hierarchy process for planning ecological restoration

Ecosystem restoration is critically important in urbanized landscapes because habitat degradation is severe and ubiquitous in such areas. Because successful restoration requires specification of desired environmental endpoints, a generally applicable method for valuing and comparing possible restoration endpoints is needed. One method available for comparative valuation is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP allows a suite of alternatives to be valued on a rank scale based on simple, tractable, paired comparisons among all alternatives. Given a sound technical foundation for the paired comparisons, the method yields an objective set of rank values. By incorporating the relative values of various restoration alternatives in a restoration scaling evaluation such as a Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA), restoration programs can be designed effectively both qualitatively (in terms of the kinds of resources or habitats desired) and quantitatively (in terms of the amounts or areas of each). In this study, we develop and apply AHP in the context of a specimen HEA for US Mid-Atlantic coast estuaries. By ranking various habitat types as potential restoration targets based on their value for a suite of key natural resources, a series of restoration ratios is produced, relating relative habitat areas of each type needed to offset specific impairment levels. These ratios provide a basic tool for restoration planning in urbanized estuaries, as these comprise nearly entirely built environments with little or no natural habitat. Under these conditions, restoration planners must specify desired states of the ecosystem, and the restoration ratios allow various permutations of presumed post-restoration environments to be valued and compared.     

‘You tell all the stories’: Using narrative to explore hierarchy within a Community of Practice1

Recent discussion of the Community of Practice (CofP) ( Davies 2005 ) has suggested that there are certain limitations to the approach with regard to how it accounts for internal hierarchy and community membership. Eckert and Wenger (2005: 588) have suggested that the only way to evaluate such criticism (and avoid building an inappropriately rigid conception of power into CofP theory) is to explore how hierarchies operate within CofPs. This paper offers such an exploration. Using data from a long‐term ethnographic study of a high school in the north‐west of England, this paper will use narrative analysis (drawing upon the work of Labov and Waletsky [1967] 1997 amongst others) to explore the interactional space in which speakers actively negotiate their personal and community behaviour. The analysis focuses upon the role individuals play as narrators of community practice and illustrates that status inequalities between individual CofP members do not necessarily result in inequitable allocation of control within the CofP.     

沉重的无奈 痛苦的困惑－《无根令》文化解读

<无根令>影响颇大,作者努力挖掘传统文化积淀于世俗生活深处的种种痼疾.根链和贵贱等级症影响着当下人的生存观念和思维模式.文本呈现着一种痛苦抉择与游曳不定的艺术状态和文化张力.     

"很不…"和"不很…"对形容词的量性规约

程度副词“很”和否定副词“不”双项连续连用修饰形容词时,不同的连用情况对形容词有着不同的量性规约。词语的量性特征与其句法功能之间存在密切的对应关系,凡具备某一量性特征的词语,必然具有某种特定的句法功能。     

我校2003年获9项国家自然科学基金资助项目

本文将核心竞争力思想应用于城市发展系统，对城市核心竞争力进行了研究。提出了城市核心竞争力概念；构建了城市核心竞争能力概念层次模型。通过对优势资源、产业竞争力、城市竞争力和城市核心竞争力四个层次做详尽阐述，为城市管理者分阶段、分步骤实施城市核心竞争力战略提供理论依据。     

关于母系制与父权制

对母系制与父权制的解释,关系到我们对整个历史的解释以及对人类未来的期望。本文列举了对母系制与父权制的种种误读,并根据恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》的经典论述及理安·艾斯勒的《圣杯与剑》所记叙的克里特岛考古发现及我国考古发现,结合一些相关文学文本分析,对母系制与父权制这两个女性文学研究的元概念从社会结构与人与人的关系上进行了理论上的厘清与梳理,并分析了与此相关的“阳具中心主义”这个概念是对男性性能力的一种自大狂式的夸张和一个纯生物主义的虚假概念,从而认同了女性主义者的名言:“在中国,如果承认自己是女性主义者,也就同时意味着必须承认自己是男性主义者。”     

Empowering Patients Through Access to Information

The United States federal government is in the midst of an e- government revolution characterized by a shift from paper-based citizen-government interactions to electronic-based interactions. Driven by the demands of citizens and supported by the President and Congress, federal departments are redesigning the look and feel of their Internet presences, moving away from traditional bureaucracy- centred presentation of information to more usable citizen-centred presentations. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the USA's principal federal agency tasked with protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, has undertaken a massive reorganization of its e-health enterprise. The most publicly visible component of this reorganization is the hhs.gov portal website. This desperately needed portal - usability testing indicated that more than 60 per cent of visitors to the Department's original website failed to find the information they sought - provides easy access to the wealth of HHS information and links its diverse operating agencies. The new HHS portal simplifies citizen access to the Department by: decompartmentalizing information by removing content from bureaucratic silos² and rearranging it in a natural navigation scheme; tuning content and navigation features to ensure that all users have access to information tailored for them; presenting content in appropriate and citizen-preferred formats; and complying with federal accessibility regulations for blind and vision-impaired users. This paper presents a series of lessons learned during the development of the HHS portal, and results of usability testing to determine what common design features present accessibility problems particular to the blind and vision-impaired communities. These discussions of practical avenues to improving the accessibility and usability of e-health websites through appropriate and effective information designs are followed by our thoughts on the future of Internet architectures and the limitations of 'layering' technologies when striving for universal accessibility.     

层次分析法（AHP）在选择教材中的应用

选择教材是一个多目标决策问题．萨蒂的层次分析法提供了解决这类问题的一个方法．本文简要地介绍了层次分析法，并将其应用于数学教材的优选．     

论城市空间的审美特性

本文认为城市空间作为城市构成的最基本元素，在功能上表现为市民公众生活的必要场所，在形象上以虚实对比、图底关系的方式展示着城市景观，同时成为人类与外界沟通的无形桥梁，因此具有功能与文化、实体与虚空及人类与自然相互通达的审美特性，提出了通达之美是城市空间审美本质的新观点。