Chapter 2 Environmental Support to Assist an Older Adult with Independent Living

Abstract

With aging, people experience decrements in the areas of sensory, neuromuscular, cognitive, and psychosocial function. In thispa-per, anoccupational therapistexplainsage-related decrementsin termsof their effect on wellness or function. Then, function is matched with suggestionsforenvironmentalmodificationsandaccommodationsthatfa-cilitate the occupational therapy objectives of safety and activity. The overall goal is to enable a senior's independent function with the help of hishome.     

A secure base? The adolescent–staff relationship in secure residential youth care

The client–therapist relationship is recognized as an important factor contributing to outcomes of child and youth care. Particularly in secure residential youth care, in which adolescents with mainly externalizing behaviour problems are often placed coercively, the client–staff relationship seems to be important for the achievement of positive outcomes. The present study aims to assess the client–staff relationship for a group of 135 adolescents in secure residential care and factors associated with a positive relationship. The results show that adolescents, group care workers and teachers experience a limited affective bond in their relationship 2 months after the adolescents were admitted to the secure care centre. Adolescents do tend to use care workers and teachers as a secure attachment figure, which suggests that an affective bond is no precondition for the adolescents to experience staff as a secure base. Main predictors of a good relationship are the positive treatment skills of both group care workers and teachers. These findings point to the need for training of care workers and teachers so that they are better prepared for working with these adolescents.     

Revisiting contingency theory in regenerative social-mediated crisis: An investigation of Maxim’s and Yoshinoya in Hong Kong’s polarized context

This research investigates how the social media-based crisis response of two organizations operating in a specific polarized context unfolds along a regenerative crisis lifecycle in line with the contingency theory of accommodation. By analyzing two crises that affected the Maxim’s and Yoshinoya groups during the Hong Kong social unrest in 2019, the paper commits to explicate how internal, socio-environmental, and external publics’ factors shape the communication patterns of the crisis. By focusing on Facebook posts and information available online, this study examines how the two selected organizations responded to specific crisis situations, and how publics reacted during the regenerative crisis lifecycle. Results show that Maxim’s took the advocative, while Yoshinoya engaged in the accommodative stance initially. Then, they both turned to an avoidance stance to deal with active online publics with opposing political stances. Contingent factors driving the organizations to adopt specific stances were relevant to internal members, organizational characteristics, social media environment, and external publics. Results provide insights about the complexities organizations face to respond to online publics in regenerative social-mediated crises. They also advance the contingency theory by refining the advocacy-accommodation stance continuum, re-defining contingent factors, and explicating the interactive effects of contingent factors on organizational response decision making in a polarized and social-mediated context.     

青海藏区强奸犯罪立法变通的理论考量

受传统文化习俗影响,青海藏区社会舆论对强奸行为的社会反应明显不如其他地区强烈,并且,在强奸案件的处理过程（主要是定罪和量刑过程）中,民族习惯法与国家法均呈现被害人地位缺失、“话语权不足”的特点。通过民族地区刑法变通的实施,可改善这一不足。从理论上来考量,对青海藏区的强奸犯罪进行定罪变通是可能的,但无论是从法益侵害性角度还是从规范违反性角度审视,对强奸犯罪的定罪变通,其可能的空间并不大。最后,刑法变通与罪刑法定原则、“司法变通”之间的关系也应从理论上予以澄清。     

突破与规制:中国立法变通权探讨

立法变通权是我国法律赋予民族自治地方和经济特区特有的权力 ,具有自主性和地方性等特点。“突破”是享有立法变通权的主体应有的权力。民族自治地方和经济特区立法主体应在法律的限度内 ,以国家设置立法变通权的目的为指向 ,对上位法进行变通规定。对于立法变通权进行“规制”则是保证立法变通权合法有效行使的必然要求。     

Emerging Hispanic English: New dialect formation in the American South

Although stable Hispanic populations have existed in some regions of the United States for centuries, other regions, including the mid‐Atlantic South, are just experiencing the emergence of permanent Hispanic communities. This situation offers an ideal opportunity to examine the dynamics of new dialect formation in progress, and the extent to which speakers acquire local dialect traits as they learn English as a second language. We focus on the production of the /ai/ diphthong among adolescents in two emerging Hispanic communities, one in an urban and one in a rural context. Though both English and Spanish have the diphthong /ai/, the Southern regional variant of the benchmark local dialect norm is unglided, thus providing a local dialect alternative. The instrumental analysis of /ai/ shows that there is not pervasive accommodation to the local norm by Hispanic speakers learning English. There is, however, gradient, incremental adjustment of the /ai/, and individual speakers who adopt local cultural values may accommodate to the local dialect pattern.     

农民的出路:教育促进农民收入代际流动性的机制与政策

乡村振兴和国家现代化进程中,农民及其子女借助教育实现内外分流从而提升收入代际流动性是必然趋势.当前我国农村收入代际弹性远小于城镇,农民收入代际流动性明显低于城镇居民,而教育促进农民收入代际流动性的作用十分有限,机制不畅.随着世界科技日新月异和国内现代化强国建设中各种职业对教育程度与科技能力的要求日益提高,我国亟须健全农民职业系统培训及教育,构建以教育促进农民收入代际流动性的内分流机制;举办校企一体化职业教育学院,构建以农民市民化提高收入代际流动性的外分流机制;完善高等教育分流与衔接,构建农民子女以教育提升收入代际流动性的外分流机制;强化高等教育的三产实践,构建以教育增进收入代际流动性的融通机制.为保障新机制运行,我国必须赋予高校举办农民教育的相关权力,将农民教育纳入高校统一招生计划,确保国家财政持续地投资农民教育,以法促进高校与企业联办农民教育,改革高等教育分流与衔接系列弊端,完善教育促进农民收入代际流动性的配套政策.     

冯肯斯坦论适应原则与神学的世俗化

在《神学与科学的想象———从中世纪到17世纪》一书中，冯肯斯坦借用韦伯“世界的祛魅”来表述全书的背景。不同于通常学者将现代世界的科学和哲学的产生归因于17世纪近代哲学去除神学化的努力，冯肯斯坦将神学世俗化的过程追溯到了古希腊哲学与希伯莱律法传统，并澄清了中世纪经院哲学在某些关键的问题与主题上对两希传统的反抗与改造。对此进程，冯肯斯坦以“适应原则”和“世俗神学”作为他论证的核心术语。本文从贯穿冯肯斯坦早期和晚期学术生涯的基本问题入手，探讨贯穿在《神学与科学的想象———从中世纪到17世纪》背后的学术关切。     

Informal Caregiving: Dilemmas of Sandwiched Caregivers

Increased demand will intensify pressures for informal caregiving, especially for sandwiched caregivers. Using 1999, National Long Term Care Survey data, we contrasted socio-demographic statistics, care environments, activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) assistance, life quality, and employment burden of sandwiched versus non-sandwiched parental caregivers. Regression analysis explored variables influencing caregiving hours, employment accommodation, stress, strain, time for self, social life limits, free time, and excess burden. We found no differences in caregiving hours, no greater labor force accommodation, but lower quality of life among sandwiched caregivers with more than they can handle, but they undertook parent care despite quality of life reduction. Uniquely, the research indicates sandwiched caregivers’ employment mitigates stress, strain, and burden and supports policy changes providing more supportive workplace environments.