China: developmentalism and social security

China began its social security reform when the market-oriented economy was first promoted in the late 1970s. Initiatives have been taken to replace the employer-based labour insurance model with a largely social insurance model. However, it is a mistake to argue that China is pursuing a neo-liberal agenda in its social initiatives. Instead, the state has played a major role in the process. Based on a developmental analysis, it is argued that the direction of change is generally encouraging. The emerging social insurance programme has the following advantages: it widens coverage, facilitates economic development, seeks a minimum entitlement, fosters social integration, and enhances individual participation and responsibility. The creation of an economically and socially viable social insurance programme will support the economic development of the country in the twenty-first century.     

Funds versus stocks: a note on constraint classification

Even if the industrial production process forms a common frame of reference, the integration of the economist's concepts of production with those of the industrial production engineer may well present a vexed problem. Yet a basic requirement to engineers and economists alike ought to be a proper understanding of the interplay between engineering and economics in the area of industrial production. One solution to this problem may be to consider the production process in the unifying sense of a constraint satisfaction problem. This approach, which is not without merit in the history of science, has its foundation in an interdisciplinary constraint classification, developed originally in analytical mechanics. To illustrate this approach, we demonstrate in this note how the two economic notions of a fund of services and a stock of goods, are recast into two distinct constraint formulations of fundamental importance in the mathematical modelling of industrial production processes.     

“帐外帐”的税务检查

近年来,从税务检查部门查处的涉税违法案件的总体情况看,设置“帐外帐”、搞帐外经营已成为偷税的主要形式之一。如何在实践中不断总结“帐外帐”偷税的违法规律,研究“帐外帐”的税务检查方法,积极寻求治理对策成为税务检查部门的当务之急。     

NRF-LC物流金融模式设计与优化

本文以加速中小型物流企业的资金周转和费用结算为研究目标,提出了一种基于应收票据管理的物流金融创新模式（NRF-LC服务模式）,设计了该融资模式的结构和关键流程,分析了相应的利益相关者的角色作用,研究了投资与融资过程的策略分析,并建立了投融资博弈模型,确定了NRF-LC融资模式结算次数的可行域,然后利用联合优化的方法,得到了结算次数的最优解,并根据卡尔多-希克斯改进的思想设计了最优结算次数时的融资补偿策略。本文的研究是物流金融模式创新的尝试,为物流与资金流的整合运营提供了可行的方案,可以有效地提升物流业务利益相关者的综合经济效益。     

对个人养老金账户中除数取值的分析

从我国实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度以来,对个人账户的月领取额由个人账户的累积额除以120的法律规定,不断有人提出质疑。文章综合研究了决定该除数的两个因素———个人账户养老金给付年限和养老金工资替代率,最后得出的结论是:个人账户政策中的除以120是合理的。     

关于合并会计报表两个问题的思考

对当前合并会计报表中流行的“坏帐准备”抵销分录以及企业集团内部一方的商品 (或产品 )出售给另一方作为固定资产的会计处理提出质疑 ,并给出了解决的方法 ,这样将有利于避免一些企业集团利用内部控股关系进行人为粉饰会计报表现象的发生     

资产交换中有关应收账款核算的几个问题

20 0 0年底公布施行的新的《企业会计制度》对资产交换中换入资产涉及的应收账款作了规定。但是对应收账款中存在的某些问题究竟应如何处理 ,仍有不同的看法。诸如 ,应收账款的交换价值 (或称公允价值 )是否一定等于其账面价值 ,换入的应收款的入账价值应该如何确定 ?等等 ,还需要我们继续研究与深入探讨。     

Multivariate temporal disaggregation with cross-sectional constraints

Multivariate temporal disaggregation deals with the historical reconstruction and nowcasting of economic variables subject to temporal and contemporaneous aggregation constraints. The problem involves a system of time series that are related not only by a dynamic model but also by accounting constraints. The paper introduces two fundamental (and realistic) models that implement the multivariate best linear unbiased estimation approach that has potential application to the temporal disaggregation of the national accounts series. The multivariate regression model with random walk disturbances is most suitable to deal with the chained linked volumes (as the nature of the national accounts time series suggests); however, in this case the accounting constraints are not binding and the discrepancy has to be modeled by either a trend-stationary or an integrated process. The tiny, compared with other driving disturbances, size of the discrepancy prevents maximum-likelihood estimation to be carried out, and the parameters have to be estimated separately. The multivariate disaggregation with integrated random walk disturbances is suitable for the national accounts aggregates expressed at current prices, in which case the accounting constraints are binding.     

Measuring Well-being Across Europe: Description of the ESS Well-being Module and Preliminary Findings

It has become customary to judge the success of a society through the use of objective indicators, predominantly economic and social ones. Yet in most developed nations, increases in income, education and health have arguably not produced comparable increases in happiness or life satisfaction. While much has been learned from the introduction of subjective measures of global happiness or life satisfaction into surveys, significant recent progress in the development of high-quality subjective measures of personal and social well-being has not been fully exploited. This article describes the development of a set of well-being indicators which were included in Round 3 of the European Social Survey. This Well-being Module seeks to evaluate the success of European countries in promoting the personal and social well-being of their citizens. In addition to providing a better understanding of domain-specific measures, such as those relating to family, work and income, the design of the Well-being Module recognises that advancement in the field requires us to look beyond measures which focus on how people feel (happiness, pleasure, satisfaction) to measures which are more concerned with how well they function. This also shifts the emphasis from relatively transient states of well-being to measures of more sustainable well-being. The ESS Well-being Module represents one of the first systematic attempts to create a set of policy-relevant national well-being accounts.

Attitudes and Saving in Individual Development Accounts: Latent Class Analysis

This exploratory study focuses on classifying attitudes toward institutional features of Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). The study also examines the extent to which attitudes change and how they are associated with saving in IDAs. While attitudes toward IDAs were generally positive, latent class analysis (LCA) found three groups at Wave 3: highly positive, moderately positive, and mixed opinion. The study found dynamic changes in attitudes at 18 months and 48 months after the baseline interview. While 63% of participants showed no changes in attitudes, 22% changed their attitudes negatively and 15% positively. Participants with highly positive attitudes at both 18 months and 48 months had significantly more savings than participants without highly positive attitudes, suggesting that attitudes may influence saving outcomes in IDAs.