营销渠道中的权威治理策略与渠道投机行为:非线性关系的实证检验

文章基于交易成本理论、资源依赖理论与社会交换理论,利用问卷调查得到的制造商数据,探索了权威治理策略与投机行为之间的非线性关系.研究发现,企业不同程度地使用不同类型的权威治理策略会带来差异性的投机行为治理结果.具体表现为:企业使用权威治理策略中的强制性权力,对渠道伙伴投机行为的影响呈现出先加重后减轻的倒U型关系;企业使用权威治理策略中的非强制性权力,对渠道伙伴投机行为的影响则呈现出先减轻后加重的U型关系.企业只有高强度地使用强制性权力或低强度地使用非强制性权力才能有效控制渠道投机行为.文章结论在明晰权威治理策略与渠道投机行为之间的具体关系以及统一现有研究矛盾结论的同时,对渠道成员合理选择并使用权威治理策略制定渠道决策,规范渠道中的投机行为具有重要的意义.     

公共部门员工荣誉激励困境及效果提升研究

荣誉激励对组织发展具有不可忽视的价值.文章采用文献分析、深度访谈、问卷调查等方法,深入分析公共部门员工荣誉激励实施中所存在的荣誉认知偏差、激励对象对荣誉激励缺乏足够追求、激励方式方法不科学、激励环境不佳等四大现实困境,在此基础上提出发挥荣誉激励有效性需满足的五个条件,并进一步提出了控制荣誉评选数量、规范荣誉激励程序与方法、建立科学的绩效考核制度、采取更加富有个性化和人性化的激励方式、打造积极进取的组织文化和建立组织成员参与荣誉评选的平台等六条针对性的对策建议.     

论专利权行政保护的正当性

作为贯穿于专利权保护的一项特色制度,专利权行政保护在中国专利权保护发展史上发挥了重要的作用。但随着专利权保护的发展,学界对于专利权行政保护的存废提出了不同看法。时逢专利法的第四次修改,有必要对专利权行政保护的正当性进行更深层的讨论。梳理近期相关学者关于专利权行政保护的重要论文,从私权属性、成本、效率三个角度进行分析,认为专利权行政保护的正当性是值得肯定的。     

Characterizing Dose-Response Relationships in Multiple Cancer Bioassays

In the evaluation of chemical compounds for carcinogenic risk, regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Toxicology Program (NTP) have traditionally fit a dose-response model to data from rodent bioassays, and then used the fitted model to estimate a Virtually Safe Dose or the dose corresponding to a very small increase (usually 10(-6)) in risk over background. Much recent interest has been directed at incorporating additional scientific information regarding the properties of the specific chemical under investigation into the risk assessment process, including biological mechanisms of cancer induction, metabolic pathways, and chemical structure and activity. Despite the fact that regulatory agencies are currently poised to allow use of nonlinear dose-response models based on the concept of an underlying threshold for nongenotoxic chemicals, there have been few attempts to investigate the overall relationship between the shape of dose-response curves and mutagenicity. Using data from an historical database of NTP cancer bioassays, the authors conducted a repeated-measures Analysis of the estimated shape from fitting extended Weibull dose-response curves. It was concluded that genotoxic chemicals have dose-response curves that are closer to linear than those for nongenotoxic chemicals, though on average, both types of compounds have dose-response curves that are convex and the effect of genotoxicity is small.     

SEGMENTED DOSE-RESPONSE MODELS FOR REPEATED MEASURES DATA

In a dose-response analysis, logit-transformed responses are modelled as a function of log-transformed doses. The linear trend is commonly observed. The comparison among treatment groups can be made based on the linear trend. An example in this paper came from a study to estimate the effect of aminophylline on dose-response curve of atracurium. Unlike the usual dose-response curve, this example has repeated measures and seems to have two slopes to which the usual dose-response model is not adequate to fit. We propose segmented regression models that allow two different slopes. The proposed model is an extension of the segmented regression model with a univariate response per subject. We illustrate the proposed model fits data better than the usual dose-response model.     

Indicators of State Formation: With a Discussion of the State Theory Based on the Four-Tiered Settlement Hierarchy

在古代中国, 在夏商周时期的上古社会, 邦君与贵族领地或采邑之间的某种隶属 关系并不等于秦汉以后郡县制下中央与地方的那种具有行政级别的行政管理关系。那 种只有具有四级聚落等级形态才表示国家已形成的理论是有局限性的, 它并不能说明 国家是否产生这一问题的实质, 因而也不应作为衡量的标准。将聚落考古学与社会形 态学结合起来研究古代国家和文明的起源, 固然要对聚落的等级做出划分, 同时还必 须对史前社会组织、等级、阶层、阶级的产生、权力性质的演变等因素进行多方面的 考察。因此, 将阶层阶级的出现和凌驾于全社会之上的强制性权力的设立作为国家形 成的标志是最具特征性的, 而且在考古学上可以找到其依据和物化形式, 因而具有可 操作性。

关键词: 四级聚落等级形态 阶层和阶级 强制性权力

In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship between the central government and the localities under the system of prefectures and counties introduced in Qin and Han times. Any theory of state formation based solely on a four-tiered settlement hierarchy is limited; it fails to explain the essential question of whether a state has come into being, and thus cannot be regarded as a criterion for judgment. It is true that in integrating settlement archaeology with social morphology in research on the origins of the ancient state and civilization, we need to classify settlement hierarchies. At the same time, however, we still need to conduct extensive research into the appearance of prehistoric social organizations, hierarchies, strata and classes, as well as the evolution of the nature of power, etc. Therefore, it is the emergence of strata and classes and the establishment of a coercive power that stands over and above society that are the most characteristic indicators of state formation. Further, we can provide archaeological grounds and materialized forms for this approach, which thus possesses operability.     

Legal Control over Big Data Criminal Investigation

The rapid growth of big data technology has become a major trend affecting the pattern of world development. Big data criminal investigation is a new type of criminal detection used extensively in the course of police practice at home and abroad. Its emergence indicates a trend in criminal justice towards ensuring security at the expense of privacy and exchanging rights for information. Big data criminal investigation highlights the backwardness and dysfunction of the traditional framework of legal norms, evident in doubts about the legal attributes of such investigation and the obvious limitations of techniques for distinguishing data content from metadata. This leaves a vacuum in the regulation of investigative power at the preliminary stage of investigation. Big data criminal investigation itself is a double-edge sword; in order to forestall the possible abuses it may entail in terms of deep and broad interventions in basic civil rights, big data criminal investigation should be brought under the necessary legal control. We therefore propose adopting a dual regulatory approach comprising investigative and data norms, selectively adopting the traditional normative framework of the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality, and at the same time supplementing it with other legal principles and mechanisms concerning the protection of personal information and data.     

商事登记的几个基本理论问题

商事登记是指登记申请人按照法律规定向主管机关提出旨在确认商事主体的主体资格、营业资格及其他重大事项的申请，并由主管机关依法对申请事项审核登记的一系列法律行为。商事登记过程中行政机关的登记行为应为行政确认，而非行政许可。商事登记的价值取向为安全和效率，其中效率优先，兼顾安全，正确认识二者之间的关系对商事登记立法及实践意义重大。     

Distance measures in a one-parameter class of density functions

In a class of density functions with parameter λ > 0 , which includes Weibull and Gamma distributions, three distance measures are examined. Several properties of these measures and relationships between them are proved. Furthermore the exponential distribution is characterized in a one- parameter class of Weibull distributions.     

内幕交易、泄露内幕信息罪认定的若干问题——以“两高”司法解释和证监会规章的比较为视角

中国证监会《证券市场内幕交易行为认定指引》的相关内容不得直接作为内幕信息、知情人员的依据，以“两高”司法解释的为依据，知情人员的认定仍须由国务院证券、期货监督管理机构予以判断；行为人是属于内幕信息知情人员还是非法获取证券、期货交易内幕信息的人员，关键还是要看具体案件中其获得内幕信息的途径和渠道，是否属于因职务和业务而获悉。非法获取证券、期货交易内幕信息的人员应当包括与内幕信息之间并无职务或业务上的紧密关系但被相关法律法规禁止接触或获取证券、期货交易内幕信息的人员。内幕信息具有未公开性、重要性和真实性。构成不需要“利用”内幕信息，但必须证明该内幕交易与内幕信息相关。非内幕人员在获取内幕信息后又将内幕信息泄露给他人，情节严重者是否应当以泄露内幕信息罪论处。