Navigating norms and structures: young mothers’ pathways to economic independence

Understanding the complex relationships between childcare, education and work is crucial to acknowledging how young mothers express agency in their pathways to economic independence. Instead of considering them as a policy target group at risk for multiple reasons, this research reverses the perspective by focusing on young mothers’ agency in school and paid employment. The study is set in the Netherlands, where economic independence has become a focal point of social policy and practice, especially for young people. It explores how young mothers navigate norms and structures of education and employment, drawing on 18 months of participant observation and 41 semi-structured interviews with young mothers. Notions of ‘everyday’ and ‘bounded’ agency are used in analysing structural limitations (e.g. irregular working hours in ‘women’s jobs’, a lack of maternity leave at school) and norms (e.g. completing higher education and finding a good job versus being primary caretakers, enjoying children and being role models). School and workplace structures reinforce contradictory discourses of motherhood and economic independence. Young mothers exhibit agency in considering their options around job security, work experience, wages, student loans and spending time with children. In doing so, they navigate structural and normative collisions of economic independence and mothering.     

Leerstände: A Photo Project

ABSTRACT

Contrary to previous belief, there are now known to be substantial numbers of household inventories for nineteenth-century England and Wales. This article discusses what, and how, this “new” source can add to our understanding of the domestic cultures of the period. It describes how these inventories, read through the lens of a material-culture approach in both aggregate and interpretive analysis, not only offer unprecedented grounded evidence for how a sample of “unremarkable” Victorians laid out and equipped the spaces of their homes but also bring to light stories of intention, choice, and change in the furnishing, equipment, use, and meaning of domestic spaces.     

Socioeconomic inequality and adjustments in children’s perceptions of their agency as they age in South Korea

This paper explores how children's perceptions of their agency, as something that is closely associated with its exercise, appear in relation to social structural factors, especially their socioeconomic positions, as they age. Using data from 862 10–18 years old in South Korea, we examine how children's expressed optimism about their ability to achieve their occupational choices can conceal the impact of structural factors on their ‘choices’ and dispositions for (non‐)action over time. Based on the findings, we argue for a more careful interpretation of children's sense of agency that recognises its propensity to continuously adjust in contexts of structural inequality.     

家畜皮内埋没缝合法的临床应用

在试验的基础上,对36只山羊和17头牛的113个皮肤切口,采用皮内埋没缝合法的临床应用,获得了满意效果,创口全部取第一期愈合。从而进一步总结出该种缝合法的操作技术要领及其创口愈合的规律,为该种皮肤缝合新技术的推广应用打下了基础。     

论我国创业投资有限合伙形式的法律环境

有限合伙创业投资组织形式是在公司制形式、合伙企业形式和资金信托管理公司等创业投资组织形式的基础上 ,在一些地方立法中 ,出现的适合我国实际情况的一种新的创业投资形式。它是一种把资金投向蕴藏着较大失败危险的技术创新领域 ,以期成功后取得高资本收益的一种商业投资行为。它是由有限合伙人和普通合伙人共同组成 ,有限合伙人以其出资额为限对有限合伙承担责任 ,普通合伙人对合伙债务承担无限连带责任。有限合伙人不参与有限合伙的经营管理 ,有限合伙的管理机构由普通合伙人组成 ,负责有限合伙的经营管理 ,执行合伙事务 ,作为对外代表等。如何规范这一投资形式的法律环境 ,在立法上可借鉴国外法律 ,制订一部全国适用的创业投资或风险投资形式的《创业投资法》 ,将有限合伙创业投资形式放置在《创业投资法》中 ,从创业投资的组织形式、法定要件、分配机制和税收政策着手 ,专门为鼓励创业投资发展量身定作 ,以完善我国创业投资的法律环境。     

南辕北辙

有个人坐着马车向北走。他告诉一个路人说他要去楚国。 路人就问他:“你要去楚国,应该向南走,怎么向北走呢?” 那人回答说:“没有关系,我的马特别好!” 路人告诉他:“你的马虽好,可你走的不是去楚国的路啊!” 那人又说:“没有关系,我的路费很多!” 路人又说:“你的路费虽多,可你走的不是去楚国的路啊!” 那人无所谓的说道:“我的车夫驾车技术非常好!” 路人听了,哭笑不得,不禁感叹道:“这人的马越好,路费越多,车夫技术越好,离楚国也就越来越远了!”     

1978～2003:中国留学教育的回顾与思考

中国留学教育已经走过了25年的不平凡的历程,经历了一个从小到大、从无序到有序、从不够成熟到逐渐成熟的过程.该文结合作者多年来对中国留学教育研究的体会,对25年来我国留学教育的作用和效益进行了简略的评估,对其发展过程中出现的主要问题进行了分析,并对新形势下我国留学教育的发展思路提出了一些建议.     

Identity reproducers beyond the grassroots: The middle class in the Manchu revival since the 1980s

A diagnosis of the ethnic empowerment fuelled by the Chinese Manchu middle-class elite provides a useful tool for examining the overall Manchu identity revival movement in the 1980s. The strategy of the Manchu middle-class elite has three parts: re-crafting ethnic identity by strengthening networks and cultural differences, pursuing ethnic economic development, and politically legitimating the group existence. This article explores several important questions concerning the strategy. Why is the ethnic middle class keen to provide vigorous leadership in the ethnic identity reconstruction movement? How do the people of this class invest their bitter grievances with new meaning and empower themselves in the process of bargaining and group confrontation with the State? How can they make their ethnic identity more likely to be ‘institutionalised’ into the ethnic mosaic of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Open and Reform era?     

法治的根本:私法自治

法治的明显特征是权利本位,权利是法治社会的基本细胞。权利本位的集中表现是私法自治。公法发达、私法 滞后的社会不是真正的法治社会。