农产品电商集群企业地理邻近性对协同创新绩效的影响

基于知识治理视角,构建农产品电商集群企业地理邻近性、知识治理、知识共享和协同创新绩效关系的链式中介模型,并引入网络关系强度作为调节变量,结合341家农产品电商集群企业的调研数据,采用多层次回归和Bootstrap分析方法,分析地理邻近性对协同创新绩效的直接作用,检验知识治理和知识共享的独立中介作用和链式中介作用,以及网络关系强度的调节作用。结果表明：地理邻近性正向影响协同创新绩效;知识治理在地理邻近性和协同创新绩效间发挥中介作用;知识共享在知识治理和协同创新绩效间发挥中介作用;知识治理和知识共享在地理邻近性和协同创新绩效间发挥链式中介作用;网络关系强度正向调节正式知识治理和显性知识共享的链式中介作用。因此,农产品电商集群企业要把握数字经济发展契机,善于利用集群区位优势和产业资源,激发正式知识治理和非正式知识治理的双重效应,与合作企业建立良好的知识共享关系,实现高质量协同创新发展。     

欧美合成生物学应用的风险治理经验及启示

合成生物学技术的应用与发展为基础生命科学研究、人类健康、环境保护和经济增长做出了重要贡献。随着合成生物学变得更便宜、更容易使用和更容易获得,亟需建立行之有效的风险治理体系以防控其潜在的伦理道德、生物安全和生物安保风险,促进技术健康发展。通过观照欧美国家风险治理模式,建议预防风险与促进创新并重、伦理治理与法律规制“双管齐下”,以期为我国合成生物学监管提供有益经验、减少风险和控制利益冲突,促进我国合成生物学创新,规范合成生物学研究和生产。     

关系化用工:农业规模经营的社会基础

农业规模经营是中国乡村振兴进程中的关键议题。农业规模经营在快速发展的同时也呈现出用工效益的差异,从而使一些规模农业经营主体陷入困境。采用嵌入性视角探讨农业规模经营中用工模式嵌入社会关系的逻辑及其影响。研究发现,农业规模经营陷入困境的主要原因在于市场化用工无法有效解决农业规模经营中的劳动监督问题。而将市场规则嵌入关系规则的关系化用工使得雇佣双方产生了利他倾向,进而在很大程度上调动了工人内在的劳动积极性,从而使农业规模经营主体摆脱经营失败困境。关系化用工的实现依赖于农业规模经营主体在用工选择、生产管理和日常生活中充分发挥社会关系的积极作用,但社会关系范围和程度都是有限度的。因此,农业规模经营的健康发展不仅需要处理好经济关系,而且需要处理好社会关系。     

行政、资本与乡土社会:农业经营模式的形塑机制——基于宁夏南部地区蔬菜产业发展的思考

通过对宁夏南部地区蔬菜产业中规模化、资本化农业经营模式建立过程的分析,发现行政、资本与乡土社会是形塑农业经营模式的三个基本因素。具体而言,政府投入的资源和开展的基础性工作,体现了行政力量在新型农业经营模式形成过程中所发挥的引导和保障作用。而在农业高度市场化的情况下,新型的规模化、资本化农业经营模式的建立和发展又离不开资本自身的经营管理能力。也就是说,资本必须通过对劳动力的有效管理生产出符合市场要求的农产品,才能确保新型农业经营模式的成功。而新型农业经营模式能否立足,还取决于资本能否处理好自身与乡土社会的关系,因为后者是新型农业经营模式立足的“社会基础”。基于此,可以认为,行政、资本和乡土社会三个因素及其相互间的关系形塑了我国农业的经营模式及未来的发展形态。     

西部地区农业发展创新型人力资源支撑现状与路径选择

人力资源在经济发展中的地位日益突出,已经成为推动和支撑经济高质量发展的第一资源。创新型人力资源作为一种特殊性的经济资源,是推动经济发展的最活跃的能动生产要素,贯穿于现代化经济体系构建的全过程。以农业发展对人力资源需求变化为切入点,通过对西部地区农业人力资源效能与农业经济发展相关性的分析,发现其农业发展现有创新型人力资源数量、结构和质量均不足以支撑当下区域农业经济快速发展的需求,据此提出完善顶层设计,确保人尽其用;把握经济发展需求,按需引进人力资源;改善西部地区发展环境,做好人力资源统筹规划等对策建议。     

The Seveso Directive: An Italian Pilot Study in Enabling Communication

In 1982 the Council of the European Communities issued a Directive on the Major Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities, commonly known as the Seveso Directive. Besides other requirements, the Directive specifies that members of the public liable to be affected by a major accident from certain industrial activities must be informed of safety measures and how they should behave in the event of an accident. The Directive was subsequently amended in an extensive way. Upon the transposition of the Seveso Directive and its amendments into national legislations, the 12 European Member States are faced with the task of "appropriately and effectively" informing the public about major accident hazards. Delays are observed throughout the community, both in transposing the Directives and implementing public information. A pilot study on "Risk Information Needs" was commissioned and carried out at two Seveso sites in Italy in order to begin to resolve some of the problems involved in the provision of public information and to suggest appropriate guidelines. One hundred subjects answered an experimental protocol designed to assess their "information needs." This article presents the theoretical background, the pragmatic aims, and the design of the study. It also summarizes its most relevant findings and suggests some recommendations for the provision of information to the public.     

改革目标和企业风险度测定─—现代企业制度建设的关键

在建立现代企业制度的探索中,原有的“承包制”在实践中已暴露它的不足,与改革的深入不相适应。企业的生机在于竞争和风险。在商品经济条件下,企业经营实际上就是经营者运用创新手段,将受损风险转化为超额收获。而企业生产经营所存在的诸多不确定因素,可以通过概率论中的中心极限定理和经验,借鉴计划评审法（ＰＥＲＴ）中概率估算法对企业的经验风险度作出有价值的测定。     

Coherent decision analysis with inseparable probabilities and utilities

This article explores the extent to which a decision maker's probabilities can be measured separately from his/her utilities by observing his/her acceptance of small monetary gambles. Only a partial separation is achieved: the acceptable gambles are partitioned into a set of belief gambles, which reveals probabilities distorted by marginal utilities for money, and a set of preference gambles, which reveals utilities reciprocally distorted by marginal utilities for money. However, the information in these gambles still enables us to solve the decision maker's problem: his/her utility-maximizing decision is the one that avoids arbitrage (i.e., incoherence or Dutch books).     

De minimis and equity in risk

Indices and orderings are developed for evaluating alternative strategies in the management of risk. They reflect the goals of reducing individual and collective risks, of increasing equity, and of assigning priority to the reduction and to the equity of high risks. Individual risk is defined as the (random or non-random) level of exposure to a danger. In particular the role of a lower negligibility level is investigated. A class of indices is proposed which involves two parameters, a negligibility level and a parameter of inequality aversion, and several interpretations of the indices are discussed. We provide a set of eight axioms which are necessary and sufficient for this class of indices, and we present an approach to deal with partial information on the parameters.     

Tolerable or Acceptable: A Comparison of Risk Regulation in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands

In managing major accident hazards in industry risk, both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands use quantitative risk analysis and quantified risk criteria. These should be understood in the historical, legal, and political context in which they were drawn up. Even when criteria are numerically the same they do not necessarily mean the same thing. The legal and historical context differs widely between the two countries. Nevertheless, it is surprising that the final results in terms of land use and levels of risk are very similar.