Psychophysiological coherence training to moderate air traffic controllers’ fatigue on rotating roster

The nature of the current rotating roster, providing 24-h air traffic services over five irregular shifts, leads to accumulated fatigue which impairs air traffic controllers’ cognitive function and task performance. It is imperative to develop an effective fatigue risk management system to improve aviation safety based upon scientific approaches. Two empirical studies were conducted to address this issue. Study 1 investigated the mixed effect of circadian rhythm disorders and resource depletion on controllers’ accumulated fatigue. Then, study 2 proposed a potential biofeedback solution of quick coherence technique which can mitigate air traffic controllers’ (ATCOs’) fatigue while on controller working position and improve ATCOs’ mental/physical health. The current two-studies demonstrated a scientific approach to fatigue analysis and fatigue risk mitigation in the air traffic services domain. This research offers insights into the fluctuation of ATCO fatigue levels and the influence of a numbers of factors related to circadian rhythm and resource depletion impact on fatigue levels on study 1; and provides psychophysiological coherence training to increase ATCOs’ fatigue resilience to mitigate negative impacts of fatigue on study 2. Based on these two studies, the authors recommended that an extra short break for air traffic controllers to permit practicing the quick coherence breathing technique for 5 min at the sixth working hour could substantially recharge cognitive resources and increase fatigue resilience. Application: Present studies highlight an effective fatigue intervention based on objective biofeedback to moderate controllers’ accumulated fatigue as a result of rotating shift work. Accordingly, air navigation services providers and regulators can develop fatigue risk management systems based on scientific approaches to improve aviation safety and air traffic controller's wellbeing.     

城市交通拥堵与空气污染的交互影响机制研究——基于滴滴出行的大数据分析

城市交通拥堵与空气污染等问题给我国城市的持续发展带来了严峻挑战.本文以成都市为样本,通过融合滴滴出行订单数据、空气质量数据、气候信息等,采用断点回归模型和中介变量分析,对交通拥堵与空气污染之间的交互影响机制进行了研究.结果显示,网约车运行规模的增加会加剧城市的空气污染,其机制是由于车辆流动效率降低这一中介变量的作用,即交通拥堵导致空气污染的增加.但另一方面,空气污染又会对交通拥堵产生抑制作用,而这一现象产生的机制是由于空气污染会促使人们的出行减少,车辆需求和运行规模的减少反而使流动效率增加.本文从人们流动性行为的视角,揭示了城市交通拥堵与空气污染之间的复杂关系,为这些问题的协同治理提供了理论和实证依据.     

The Costs of Environmental Regulation in a Concentrated Industry

The typical cost analysis of an environmental regulation consists of an engineering estimate of the compliance costs. In industries where fixed costs are an important determinant of market structure, this static analysis ignores the dynamic effects of the regulation on entry, investment, and market power. I evaluate the welfare costs of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act on the U.S. Portland cement industry, accounting for these effects through a dynamic model of oligopoly in the tradition of Ericson and Pakes (1995). Using the two‐step estimator of Bajari, Benkard, and Levin (2007), I recover the entire cost structure of the industry, including the distributions of sunk entry costs and capacity adjustment costs. My primary finding is that the Amendments have significantly increased the sunk cost of entry, leading to a loss of between $810M and $3.2B in product market surplus. A static analysis misses the welfare penalty on consumers, and obtains the wrong sign of the welfare effects on incumbent firms.     

大气污染物排放权初始分配的区际协调方法研究

落实大气污染跨区域联防联控政策的关键是科学划分区际减排责任,合理限定每一成员区域的排污限额,实现区域政府的自发减排。本文基于非合作博弈理论,构建同时满足收益约束和生态约束的区际大气污染物排放权初始分配模型,据此针对典型的三类区际经济关系求取了成员区域的排污限额纳什均衡解,并进行了实证检验。研究发现,工业化初期,成员区域最优分配量取决于各自无管制排污量,决策无需考虑区际互传。甘肃和新疆SO2实际排放量变动趋势与此吻合;工业化中前期,中心区率先工业化,其最优分配量由生态约束极值决定,但难以达到收益约束极值。外围区域的最优分配量同时满足了两约束极值,且由无管制排污量决定,四川和重庆的实证检验结果印证了此结论;工业化中后期,区域间决策互动明显,成员区域的最优分配量均由生态约束极值决定,但难以达到其收益约束极值。河北省和北京的实证分析结果与此一致。进一步分析发现,容量效应和传输效应分别是河北和北京的污染源,进一步强化两地的联防联控刻不容缓。     

大气污染协同治理能促进污染物减排吗?--基于城市的三重差分研究

大气污染具有流动性,跨区域特征明显,协同治理至关重要。基于2010-2015年275个城市的面板数据,运用三重差分法(DDD)研究了大气污染协同治理对污染物减排的影响。从全样本分析结果来看,大气污染协同治理降低了工业二氧化硫排放量和工业烟(粉)尘排放量,而此结果并没有通过显著性检验。从子样本分析结果来看,大气污染协同治理显著降低了工业二氧化硫排放量,但对工业烟(粉)尘排放量没有产生显著影响。城市在促进不同污染物减排时存在差异,减排难度较低的污染物往往被优先完成。从时间效应来看,大气污染协同治理对污染物减排的影响存在时滞性,而且这种时滞性在不同污染物减排之间存在差异。     

青年农民进城行为微观动因的人类学考察--以广西百江屯为个案

本文的目的在于运用人类学的方法探究青年农民进城行为的微观动因.通过对进城者的特征进行分析,指出先前外出者的示范及帮助、家庭的支持以及村落里面子观的存在是影响青年农民外出的重要微观因素.本文进一步认为,进城行为对青年农民来说是一个"通过仪式".     

论邓小平的辩证发展观及其时代演进

邓小平理论回答了什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义,其核心内容是中国特色社会主义辩 证发展观的系统构思。这种构思基于唯物辩证法的哲学基础,以经济建设为中心,以完善市场为取向,以 “两个文明”为重点,以经济政治文化改革为动力与保证,以世界融合为视野,以开放格局为潮流,以和 合社会力量为取向,以中华民族长远利益为大局,从诸多方面展开。而以“三个代表”重要思想为指导的 科学发展观实际上就是这一辩证发展观的时代演进。     

Lower Cost Arrivals for Airlines: Optimal Policies for Managing Runway Operations under Optimized Profile Descent

Optimized profile descent (OPD) is an operating procedure being used by airlines to improve fuel and environmental efficiency during arrival operations at airports. In this study, we develop a stochastic dynamic programming framework to manage the sequencing and separation of flights during OPD operations. We find that simple calculation based measures can be used as optimal decision rules, and that the expected annual savings can be around $29 million if such implementations are adapted by major airports in the United States. Of these savings, $24 million are direct savings for airlines due to reduced fuel usage, corresponding to a potential savings of 10%–15% in fuel consumption over current practice. We also find that most of these savings will be due to the optimal spacing of OPD flights, as opposed to the optimal sequencing policies which contribute only 14% to the total savings. Hence, optimal spacing of OPD flights is much more important than optimal sequencing of these flights. We also conclude that there is not much difference between the environmental costs of fuel‐optimal and sustainably‐optimal spacing policies. Hence, an airline‐centric approach in improving OPD operations is likely to be not in conflict with objectives that might be prioritized by other stakeholders.     

航空航天物体之概念与性质研究

自1995年以来,航空航天物体的相关法律问题一直是联合国外空委下属的法律小组委员会讨论的重点。根据各国对法律小组委员会发出的调查表中所涉问题的答复,对其概念、特征和性质进行了系统的研究,并得出了明确的结论。     

The Bumpy Road to a Tobacco-Free Community: Lessons from Well City

Over 880 communities have put regulations in place to reduce or eliminate tobacco use in buildings used by the public. This study examines the experience of one such community—Well City, Ohio. The nonsmoker protection efforts in Well City help us identify and discuss eight important considerations affecting policy development and implementation: (1) anticipate community opposition, (2) identify and collaborate with a support network, (3) control the community hearing process, (4) anticipate outside interests, (5) recognize the potential for legal challenges, (6) address life with legal limbo, (7) start strong, and (8) watch the mix of politics and public health. Current clean indoor air efforts seem to focus on establishing coalitions and encouraging employers to voluntarily establish tobacco-free workplaces and restaurants. These efforts certainly need to continue but as a basic part of a comprehensive program which recognizes the importance and fosters the development of strong nonsmoker protection regulations developed at the local level by health boards, county boards of supervisors, and/or city councils.