Interruptions to workflow: Their relationship with irritation and satisfaction with performance,and the mediating roles of time pressure and mental demands

Understanding the mechanisms of workflow interruptions is crucial for reducing employee strain and maintaining performance. This study investigates how interruptions affect perceptions of performance and irritation by employing a within-person approach. Such interruptions refer to intruding secondary tasks, such as requests for assistance, which occur within the primary task. Based on empirical evidence and action theory, it is proposed that the occurrence of interruptions is negatively related to satisfaction with one's own performance and positively related to forgetting of intentions and the experience of irritation. Mental demands and time pressure are proposed as mediators. Data were gathered from 133 nurses in German hospitals by means of a five-day diary study (four measurements taken daily; three during a morning work shift and one after work, in the evening). Multilevel analyses showed that workflow interruptions had detrimental effects on satisfaction with one's own performance, the forgetting of intentions, and irritation. The mediation effects of mental demands and time pressure were supported for irritation and (partially) supported for satisfaction with performance. They were not supported for the forgetting of intentions. These findings demonstrate the importance of reducing the time and mental demands associated with interruptions.     

Reproducible Risk Assessment

Reproducible research is a concept that has emerged in data and computationally intensive sciences in which the code used to conduct all analyses, including generation of publication quality figures, is directly available, and preferably in open source manner. This perspective outlines the processes and attributes, and illustrates the execution of reproducible research via a simple exposure assessment of air pollutants in metropolitan Philadelphia.     

人力资源经理工作倦怠现状及其相关因素分析

为了解我国人力资源经理工作压力现状,探讨其与工作倦怠、工作满意度及工作绩效之间的作用关系及作用方式,本研究采用问卷法对北京地区89名企业人力资源经理进行施测。结果表明,人力资源经理工作压力处于中等水平,造成工作压力的主要因素分别是职业发展、组织氛围、工作责任及组织结构;工作倦怠处于中等偏下水平,其中效能感低下这个倦怠因素相对严重。另外,工作压力与工作倦怠正相关,工作倦怠与工作满意度、工作绩效存在负相关关系,而工作倦怠在工作压力与工作满意度、工作绩效之间起中介作用。     

低温热驱动两级吸收式制冷系统中间压力的研究

对溴化锂两级吸收式制冷系统中间压力Pm(即低压发生器压力）的取值进行了理论计算和分析，得出了中间压力的取值范围及计算公式，可供两级吸收式制冷系统设计时参考。     

论杨万里的唯物论思想

南宋著名诗人杨万里在哲学上也有极为丰富和精辟的思想。他发挥了柳宗元、张载、王安石等人的唯物论思想 ,丰富和发展了哲学气本论 ,在宇宙观、无神论、辩证法和认识论等方面都有独到的建树 ,在许多方面不仅与程朱的唯心论相对立 ,而且超越了前辈唯物主义哲学家 ,开启了后世哲学家的思路。     

Social pressure in the stadiums: Do agents change behavior without crowd support?

Social pressure may have relevant consequences in many contexts but it is hard to evaluate it empirically. In this paper we exploit a natural experiment in soccer to provide clear evidence of its effects. We aim to study how social pressure from the crowd in a stadium affects both players and referees. While in normal matches crowd support may be correlated to a host of variables affecting the outcome of interest, we exploit the fact that after the health emergency for the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, soccer matches in top European Leagues have been allowed only behind closed doors, that is, without spectators in the stadiums. We use data of first and second division of five major European Leagues (Germany, Spain, England, Italy and Portugal) for the last 10 seasons and compare – using a differences-in-differences analysis – several outcomes (determined by players’ performance and referees’ decisions) of matches played with crowd support to the same outcomes when matches were played without crowd. We find considerable effects of the pressure from the crowd: while with the support of the crowd a considerable home advantage emerges in various measures of performance (points, goals, shots, etc.), this advantage is almost halved when matches are played behind closed doors. Similar effects are found for the behavior of referees: decisions of fouls, yellow cards, red cards and penalties that tend to favor home teams in normal matches, are much more balanced without the crowd pressing on referees. The evidence we provide strongly supports the idea that social pressure has intense effects on agents’ behavior.     

Improving The Efficiency of The Case-Crossover Design

The case-crossover design has been used by many researchers to study the transient effect of an exposure on the risk of a rare outcome. In a case-crossover design, only cases are sampled and each case will act as his/her own control. The time of failure acts as the case and non failure times act as the controls. Case-crossover designs have frequently been used to study the effect of environmental exposures on rare diseases or mortality. Time trends and seasonal confounding may be present in environmental studies and thus need to be controlled for by the sampling design. Several sampling methods are available for this purpose. In time-stratified sampling, disjoint strata of equal size are formed and the control times within the case stratum are used for comparison. The random semi-symmetric sampling design randomly selects a control time for comparison from two possible control times. The fixed semi-symmetric sampling design is a modified version of the random semi-symmetric sampling design that removes the random selection. Simulations show that the fixed semi-symmetric sampling design improves the variance of the random semi-symmetric sampling estimator by at least 35% for the exposures we studied. We derive expressions for the asymptotic variance of risk estimators for these designs, and show, that while the designs are not theoretically equivalent, in many realistic situations, the random semi-symmetric sampling design has similar efficiency to a time-stratified sampling design of size two and the fixed semi-symmetric sampling design has similar efficiency to a time-stratified sampling design of size three.     

定压外边界的双孔介质复合储层压力分布求解分析

针对外边界定压的双孔介质复合储层模型,研究了两种内边界条件下的变流率问题的无因次内、外区储层压力分布的Laplace空间解;此研究,无疑是对试井分析理论的一种完善,对相应的试井分析软件的研制具有应用价值。     

新的基于压力导数的反褶积模型研究

压力反褶积对原始地层压力非常敏感,且该参数精度必须控制在0.5% 以内,而通过Levitan 等方法来确定该参数时,不仅至少需要两个不同流动期数据,且易受压力流量非线性等诸多因素影响。提出的基于压力导数的反褶积模型不仅对原始地层压力值不敏感,而且可仅通过一个流动期来确定该参数值。通过分析,该模型可以处理压力误差,也可以处理流量误差     

减缓教师职业压力的社会管理策略探析

从政府社会管理的视角探讨教师职业压力管理问题是个空缺领域。文章通过对转型时期社会管理相对滞后及缺位现状的分析,提出政府行使社会公共管理职能,减缓教师职业压力的管理策略：提高社会地位和待遇,缓解生存压力;完善人事制度改革,舒缓心理压力;建立合理期望值,减轻责任压力;卸减工作重负,释放身体压力;建立科学评价机制,激发教师自我发展内在动力。