The red and the black: China’s social credit experiment as a total test environment

China's social credit system is an unusually explicit case where technology is used by multiple actors to turn human behavior into a test object on behalf of the state's goal of modifying the larger social environment, making it an intriguing setting for thinking about the new sociology of testing. This article considers how China's search for a usable “credit” score to both allocate financial resources and explicitly measure a citizen's trustworthiness creates an emergent experimental system of governance similar to, yet not quite captured by, the kinds of experimental processes observed in literature on the platform as a form of market-based governance. As a site where “seeing like a state” and “seeing like a market” converge, the social credit system is a vantage point for observing the changing relationship between moral and economic domains in an era of digital platforms. The article highlights the experimental quality of the system and its emerging system of governance structured around reward and punishment and argues that strategic ambiguity, institutionalized through the affordances of digital platforms, is an important part of the design of this large-scale social experiment.     

歧义容忍度与学习策略的关系研究

歧义容忍度是指外语学习过程中碰到不确定心理上的容忍程度,它成为影响外语学习的一个重要的因素。调查非英语专业学生歧义容忍度与英语学习策略之间的关系,分析了歧义容忍度水平不同的学生的学习策略使用差异,说明歧义容忍确实是影响学生选择和使用学习策略的一个重要因素。     

Classification with minimum ambiguity under distribution heterogeneity

The traditional classification is based on the assumption that distribution of indicator variable X in one class is homogeneous. However, when data in one class comes from heterogeneous distribution, the likelihood ratio of two classes is not unique. In this paper, we construct the classification via an ambiguity criterion for the case of distribution heterogeneity of X in a single class. The separated historical data in each situation are used to estimate the thresholds respectively. The final boundary is chosen as the maximum and minimum thresholds from all situations. Our approach obtains the minimum ambiguity with a high classification accuracy allowing for a precise decision. In addition, nonparametric estimation of the classification region and theoretical properties are derived. Simulation study and real data analysis are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.     

英汉结构歧义对比研究

结构歧义是一种主要的语言歧义现象。本文从句子成分、修饰关系、否定范围、语义关系等方面对英汉结构歧义进行比较。     

艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的语义含糊性

本文论述了艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的语义含糊性的社会生活、思想感情和个人事业方面的基础,继而探讨了由此而迫使她去寻求如何在诗中隐藏、掩饰她的感情和思想,如何把它们包含在她的词汇和句法之中.因此语言成了狄金森思想感情的密码、符号和面具.诗歌语义的含糊性实际上是狄金森一种自觉的策略.正是这种含糊性,读者才得以在广袤的想象空间驰骋.     

英语语法歧义及其根源探究

英语中最常见的歧义即语法歧义包括句法功能歧义、修饰语歧义和并列结构歧义,是由句子的语法结构引起的.根据转换生成语法,句子有深层、表层两层结构,二者通过转换规则联系起来,它们与语义都有关系.本质上,任何一种语法歧义都是由句子深、表层结构的多对一关系引起的.所以,语法歧义根源在于句子结构层次的不一致性,即深层结构不同而表层结构相同.     

浅析英语中的歧义现象

英语中的歧义现象,根据成因可分为语音歧义,词汇歧义,句法歧义等.探讨英语中的歧义现象的成因及排除方法,有助于我们阅读、翻译、教学和交际.     

Ambiguity and risk taking in organizations

Kunreuther, Meszaros, and Hogarth (1993) argue that insurers are risk averse and ambiguity averse, and that they use cognitive reference points and constraints in making pricing decisions. They further claim that insurer ambiguity may be a factor that has a role in market failure at the industry level. Arguably, ambiguity may be an important aspect of decision behavior. In this article, research on managerial risk taking is reviewed with a focus on the relationship between ambiguity and risk taking. In particular, the effects of the organizational and institutional context are highlighted. It is argued that the political aspects of insurer decision behavior should be considered as well. Implications for further study and understanding of decision making are discussed.     

英语结构歧义的类型、理解与翻译

根据英语语法功能，结构歧义大致可以分为范围歧义和功能歧义两大类型。本文根据转换学派提出的深层结构和表层结构的学说，对英语结构歧义的类型、理解与翻译用典型的实例作了说明。     

模糊厌恶下关系型借贷定价和最优贷款利率

考虑决策者是模糊厌恶的,利用实物期权方法,解析地给出了银行价值,企业价值和最优停贷水平。分析了模糊厌恶和基准波动率对最优贷款利率,最优停贷水平,企业价值和银行价值的影响。数值分析表明：模糊厌恶提高了贷款利率,降低了企业和银行价值。在基准波动率水平较小时,模糊厌恶推迟了停贷水平;在基准波动率较大时,模糊厌恶加速了停贷水平。此外,在模糊中性下,企业价值是基准波动率凸函数,银行价值是基准波动率凹函数。而在模糊厌恶下,企业价值和银行价值都随着基准波动率的增加而递减。本文从行为金融角度为中小企业"融资贵"提供了新的解释。