Genocide Reconsidered: A Pragmatist Approach

The recent literature on genocide shows signs of taking what might be called a “processual turn,” with genocide increasingly understood as a contingent process rather than a singular event. But while this second generation's turn may be clear to those within the literature, the theory guiding the change is insufficiently specified. The theory regarding process and contingency is implicit, and, as such, genocide theory does not realize its full generative potential. The primary goal of this article is to provide a more robust theoretical framework for making sense of the continually evolving dimensions of genocide. It builds on the literature's existing foundations, most notably Mann's (2005) notion of “contingent escalations.” In the spirit of the recent revival of American Pragmatism in sociology, it draws on the work of Dewey, Mills, Follett, and Addams (among others) as part of a theoretical reconstruction using pragmatist concepts such as rupture, perplexity, vocabularies of motive, and experimentation to consider examples from the Rwandan genocide and show how we might explore the potential for non‐teleological intentionality on the part of genocidal actors. The result is an enhanced theoretical framework that offers “fresh eyes” for considering one of the worst (and most under‐theorized) social problems.     

论我国独立量刑程序的建构

量刑程序有英美法系的独立量刑程序和大陆法系的混合量刑程序之分。20世纪中叶以来,大陆法系国家开始出现向独立量刑程序转变的趋势。独立量刑程序阻隔了纯粹的量刑证据对法官心证的不当影响,符合"先罪后刑"的诉讼逻辑,有助于正确评估被告人的人身危险性,给予了控辩双方和被害人更多的参与量刑的权利和机会,因而更有利于量刑实体公正和程序公正的实现。随着我国对量刑公正的日益重视以及证据规则的逐步完善,有必要确立这一程序。我国刑事司法实践中的普通程序简易审、缓刑听证等实际上已经开始了创设该程序的初步尝试。与定罪程序相比,独立量刑程序应具有程序简化、证据规则宽松、证明标准较低、法官积极主动等特点。     

《红楼梦》亲属语译出中文化内涵的缺失

《红楼梦》中人物繁多,称谓复杂,在众多的中国古典文学名著中最能反映中国传统文化对称谓语的影响。本文以杨宪益夫妇所译之《红楼梦》为例,通过其亲属称谓词的翻译比较,来看其译出过程中造成的文化内涵的缺失,并试着探讨其在一定范围内的弥合策略。     

The quality and use of regulatory analysis in 2008

This article assesses the quality and apparent use of regulatory analysis for economically significant regulations proposed by federal agencies in 2008. A nine-member research team used a six-point (0-5) scale to evaluate regulatory analyses according to criteria drawn from Executive Order 12866 and Office of Management and Budget Circular A-4. Principal findings include: (1) the average quality of regulatory analysis, though not high, is somewhat better than previous regulatory scorecards have shown; (2) quality varies widely; (3) biggest strengths are accessibility and clarity; (4) biggest weaknesses are analysis of the systemic problem and retrospective analysis; (5) budget or "transfer" regulations usually receive low-quality analysis; (6) a minority of the regulations contain evidence that the agency used the analysis in significant decisions; (7) quality of analysis is positively correlated with the apparent use of the analysis in regulatory decisions; and (8) greater diffusion of best practices could significantly improve the overall quality of regulatory analysis.     

基于创新过程的现代生物技术企业知识产权策略研究

从技术创新的基本过程出发,分析了现代生物技术企业在不同创新阶段知识产权所具有的特点,建立了现代生物技术知识产权策略与创新过程相结合的模型,探讨了现代生物技术企业在技术创新的不同阶段所应采取的知识产权策略,以期对现代生物技术企业的知识产权保护实践有所贡献。     

Optimal Inventory Control with Retail Pre‐Packs

A pre‐pack is a collection of items used in retail distribution. By grouping multiple units of one or more stock keeping units (SKU), distribution and handling costs can be reduced; however, ordering flexibility at the retail outlet is limited. This paper studies an inventory system at a retail level where both pre‐packs and individual items (at additional handling cost) can be ordered. For a single‐SKU, single‐period problem, we show that the optimal policy is to order into a “band” with as few individual units as possible. For the multi‐period problem with modular demand, the band policy is still optimal, and the steady‐state distribution of the target inventory position possesses a semi‐uniform structure, which greatly facilitates the computation of optimal policies and approximations under general demand. For the multi‐SKU case, the optimal policy has a generalized band structure. Our numerical results show that pre‐pack use is beneficial when facing stable and complementary demands, and substantial handling savings at the distribution center. The cost premium of using simple policies, such as strict base‐stock and batch‐ordering (pre‐packs only), can be substantial for medium parameter ranges.     

劳动过程视角下农业技术应用的社会条件——弗里德兰的《制造绿金》及其启示

在《制造绿金》一书中,弗里德兰运用马克思主义的劳动过程理论,以美国生菜产业为例探索新技术应用的社会过程与社会条件,突出强调了“劳动者生产组织”命题对一项新技术采用的重要作用。同时有关作物结构的分析为商品系统分析方法的提出以及世界商品链、食品体系研究奠定了基础,这不仅拓展了农业社会学研究的边界,也为中国农业社会学研究提供了重要的借鉴意义。     

个性化契约对员工契约寻求行为的影响机制研究

近年来,随着员工工作需求的日益多样化和员工工作自主性的日渐提升,越来越多的企业开始通过与员工达成个性化的工作契约的方式,以保留和激励优秀员工.基于503名员工的调查数据,从社会信息加工理论的视角出发,运用层次回归分析方法检验个性化契约与员工契约寻求行为之间的关系,并探讨心理特权的中介作用和员工谦卑性的调节作用.研究结果表明:个性化契约能够正向影响员工的心理特权和契约寻求行为;心理特权在个性化契约和契约寻求之间起部分正向中介作用;谦卑性对个性化契约与心理特权之间的关系起负向调节作用;谦卑性进一步负向调节了心理特权在个性化契约与契约寻求之间的正向中介作用.建议管理者要谨慎处理个性化契约;可通过干预员工的心理特权来约束和规范员工的契约寻求行为;在签订个性化工作协议过程中要关注员工的个人谦卑性差异.     

建国来我国婴幼儿照护服务政策：发展历程、演进逻辑与行动展望

回顾建国后婴幼儿照护服务政策的发展历程可为未来婴幼儿照护服务的发展提供历史镜鉴。梳理已有婴幼儿照护服务政策,可以发现婴幼儿照护服务遵循着以供需矛盾为表征的政策动力机制、以普惠公益为目标的政策服务定位、以责任分担为机制的政策服务路径等演进逻辑。未来应在理顺政府、市场及家庭的定位与职责的基础上增加婴幼儿照护服务的有效供给、加快顶层设计的同时明确婴幼儿照护服务的主管部门、完善政策配套实施的方式上激发婴幼儿照护服务内生发展动力,促进婴幼儿照护服务良性发展。     

改革开放以来我国农村基层民主建设探析

改革开放以来,我国农村基层民主建设先后经历了萌芽或创始阶段、实验阶段、发展阶段这三个历史时期;坚持与加强党的领导、依靠广大农民群众、发展农村经济是这一时期积累的宝贵经验;缺乏经济基础、自治权利、民主氛围和功能定位是目前我国农村基层民主建设面临的困境;针对它们采取有效的应对之策,对于进一步推动新时期农村基层民主建设具有重要的促进作用。