基于动物秉性的人生启示*

动物和人一样,也具有不同的秉性。以动物喻人,自古即有。从辩证的角度看,动物秉性自然有好的一面,也有坏的一面。这里我们借助动物思考人生,专门探讨动物秉性中一些好的品质,狗-无比忠诚;猪-难得糊涂;狼-勇敢合作的典范;牛-勤劳奉献精神;狐狸-聪明智慧的象征;龟-勤恳踏实的榜样。可见,动物的许多秉性亦给人生带来诸多的启示,值得人们以思考和学习。     

动物遗传育种系列课程双螺旋循环教学模式的建立与实践

根据动物遗传育种系列课程的结构、教学特点、本学科学生的层次性、学科发展和对教师多能性的要求 ,对该系列课程进行了教学内容、教学方式、教学手段的全面改革 ,构建了一套双螺旋循环教学模式 ,即教师与课程的螺旋循环链和学生层次与学习过程的螺旋循环链。这两条“教”、“学”互动的螺旋循环链有机结合 ,每完成一次循环教学过程 ,双螺旋上升一个螺距 ,教师的教学水平提高 ,学生的综合素质和学历提高一个层次。     

论动物福利法的基本理念

“承认和维护动物福利,认可和维护动物的自然权利,尊重生命、善待动物、不虐待动物,保护动物福利也是保护人的利益,人与动物和谐相处,将科学精神与人文精神相结合”,这些是动物福利法的基本理念。动物福利法确认的是“动物的权利”,而不是“动物的人权”,更不是法律确认了动物是人。尊重生命是善待动物、不虐待动物的思想基础,不虐待动物是尊重生命的起码要求。科学精神是动物福利法的基础,人文精神是动物福利法的灵魂。只有形成并贯彻科学精神与人文精神相结合的理念,才能在一个汇集多种文明、多种主义、多种观念的多元化的当代社会,启动和推进动物福利立法。     

How Tautological Are Interspecies Correlations of Carcinogenic Potencies?

Crouch and Wilson demonstrated a strong correlation between carcinogenic potencies in rats and mice, supporting the extrapolation from mouse to man. Bernstein et al. , however, show that the observed correlation is mainly a statistical artifact of bioassay design. Crouch et al. have a comeback. This paper will review the arguments and present some new data. The correlation is largely (but not totally) tautological, confirming results in Bernstein et al.     

南丰县中药资源及其保护

南丰县主要中药资源有１３８种，隶属三大类，其中真菌药６科６属８种。植物药７０科１０８属１１７种；动物药１０科１３属１３种，文中提出了它们的保护及开发利用措施。     

陕西关中畜牧业产业化中的多组织运作模式分析

为了进一步探讨陕西关中特色畜牧业产业化系统发展中的多组织和谐运作机制,采用案例分析与理论研究相结合的方法,从多组织运作方式中组织单元的构成、功能以及网络联系等三方面,对四种典型特色畜牧业产业化中多组织运作方式的特点进行了剖析与评价,认为应该根据区域畜牧业产业化发展的客观要求、农村土地政策的现状以及各类组织的内涵规定性,确定特定多组织运作系统,合理定位政府、科研院所、企业、协会、金融机构和农户等各类组织的功能,建立健全各类组织之间的网络联系。     

Evaluation of False Positive and False Negative Outcomes in NTP Long-Term Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies

The decision-making process used by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in its evaluation of long-term rodent carcinogenicity studies was investigated to determine whether or not this procedure resulted in an excessive number of false positive or false negative outcomes. All site-specific tumor incidences that were found to be significantly ( p < 0.05) increased either by a trend test or by pairwise comparisons of each dosed group against the controls in 218 NTP 2-year studies with Fischer 344 rats and/or B6C3F1 mice were tabulated and compared to the number of statistically significant tumor increases expected to occur by chance. Our evaluation suggests that false positive rates are fairly low in NTP long-term studies. Assessing false negative rates is more difficult because of the limited sensitivity of the bioassay for detecting subtle carcinogenic effects. Moreover, reduced body weights frequently occur in dosed animals, and the positive correlation between the incidences of certain site-specific tumors and body weight may mask the detection of carcinogenic effects. Despite these difficulties, our analysis did identify one tumor showing evidence of false negative outcomes: interstitial cell tumors of the testis in male Fischer 344 (F344) rats. This tumor showed considerably more significant ( p > 0.05) increased incidences than expected by chance, yet none were considered to be chemically-related. However, the biological significance of interstitial cell tumor increases in F344 rats is uncertain because of the high background rate of neoplasia (>90%) for this target site.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Alan A. Grometste, The Roots of Things: Topics in Quantum Mechanics
The British Medical Association, Health and Environmental Impact Assessment: An Integrated Approach
Kate M. Scow, Graham E. Fogg, David E. Hinton, and Michael L. Johnson, Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Health     

野生动物资源最优管理的动态经济模型及实证研究

研究自然条件、社会发展和经济政策等多方面对野生动物资源管理的约束与系统分析野生动物资源管理的动态经济均衡,对于野生动物保护管理具有十分重要的理论支持和实践指导。在自然条件方面,以开放生物种群资源生长的Logistic增长模型作为约束条件;在社会发展方面,考虑产业资本投入的影响;在经济政策方面,以税收或补贴为约束条件,运用成本收益分析建立野生动物资源持续利用的动态经济均衡模型,并利用常微分方程、最大值原理等数学方法求解得到最优资源存量水平和最优收获量。同时以麝为例进行应用性实证分析,得到麝类资源的最优种群水平为143．01万只,最优持续收获量为66．24万只。当贴现率从0．01到0．1之间变化时,麝类资源最优种群水平将在149．93到134．36万只之间,而最优持续产量将维持在66．44到65．59万只之间。     

“Spokes in the wheel” and how policy gains can diversify a social movement

ABSTRACT

Activists often use their resources to pursue protective legislation, like anti-discrimination or environmental protection laws, and the results are often compromised versions of what they wanted. This process of political institutionalization requires ongoing and robust mobilization to strengthen these resulting policies or prevent them from being rescinded all together. Therefore, to understand the pros and cons of political institutionalization we must understand the recursive effects between policy reform and consequent mobilization. Quantitative and qualitative data on the animal advocacy movement, a movement existing for over a century, are used to explore the effects of policy gains on consequent mobilization and explore whether policy gains were followed by de-escalation of protest forms. The findings indicate that policy gains for animal welfare do not de-escalate mobilization, both in terms of the use of disruptive collective action and proliferation of organizations. The article explores the ways that infighting over the terms of policy reform may be an important factor in diversifying the movement.