Role of the Standard Deviation in the Estimation of Benchmark Doses with Continuous Data

For continuous data, risk is defined here as the proportion of animals with values above a large percentile, e.g., the 99th percentile or below the 1st percentile, for the distribution of values among control animals. It is known that reducing the standard deviation of measurements through improved experimental techniques will result in less stringent (higher) doses for the lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose that is estimated to produce a specified risk of animals with abnormal levels for a biological effect. Thus, a somewhat larger (less stringent) lower confidence limit is obtained that may be used as a point of departure for low-dose risk assessment. It is shown in this article that it is important for the benchmark dose to be based primarily on the standard deviation among animals, s(a), apart from the standard deviation of measurement errors, s(m), within animals. If the benchmark dose is incorrectly based on the overall standard deviation among average values for animals, which includes measurement error variation, the benchmark dose will be overestimated and the risk will be underestimated. The bias increases as s(m) increases relative to s(a). The bias is relatively small if s(m) is less than one-third of s(a), a condition achieved in most experimental designs.     

基于物权法的野生动物所有权制度研究

针对我国是否应在物权法中规定"野生动物资源专属于国家所有"之争议,在比较分析德国、瑞士野生动物先占制度与俄罗斯野生动物国家所有两种所有制之基础上,结合我国立法现状,提出了我国多元化的野生动物资源所有权制度之构建:从国家性质、生态平衡、生物安全性等方面阐述了以国家为主体的野生动物所有权制度之依据及有效实现方式,分离国家民事与行政双重职能与合理定位国家所有权;从公益的维持与实现需要社会个体的参与和协作、驯养繁殖之野生动物之特性、权利义务相一致之法理及吸引私人投资等方面论述了创建私人所有权之依据及实现方式——转让、狩猎、驯养繁殖、合同约定。     

直与天地万物上下同流——论中国古典哲学背景下的生命意蕴

中国古典哲学把"天人合一"作为生命的最高境界,并在对生存意义的不断扣问中追究实现生命极境的路径。以海德格尔为代表的西方人本主义思想也在追索同样的问题。这些关于生命整体和谐性与自由超越性的探索,对人类的生存与未来发展无疑有着深远的意义。     

道德义务的现代诠释

过去人们一直将道德义务限于人类社会领域,但是当大量的环境问题出现的时候,迫使人们不得不重新对道德义务进行思考.在当前的时代背景下,道德义务不仅包含人类对自身的道德义务,还应该包含人类对自然的道德义务,以及两者之间的关系.     

Electric animals: New models of everyday life?

The literature on everyday life has only imperfectly taken to itself the influence of modern information and communications technology, generally through the work of authors like Benjamin and the lettristes like de Certeau and Virilio. Part of the reason for this relative absence seems to be a concern that these technologies are, in some way, inauthentic. But such a reaction is no longer adequate. As software plasters the everyday world with a new and active surface, so the character of the everyday world is being changed. This change is based on theoretical models of the world that are written into software and which have as one of their key roots particular notions of biology. How can one understand this new kind of everyday life in which theoretical models of biology come back to haunt the surfaces that define us as they are incorporated in all manner of increasingly ‘lively’ devices? Obviously, a series of characterizations could be made but this paper proposes that one of the best of these may turn out to be that of the companion animal. Everyday life is chock full of these animals yet they too are hardly ever remarked upon in the literature: their strange familiarity is so obvious that they are deemed to be unworthy of notice. However, as software makes the world increasingly lively, perhaps we should start to think of its agency, especially as it is incarnated in various increasingly mobile objects, as calling forth similar kinds of relationship of dominance and affection – and a pressing ethical task.     

人驴狗的双重互视——对《爱犬颗勒》《双驴记》《太平狗》的平行考察

《爱犬颗勒》、《双驴记》、《太平狗》三篇小说都是以动物为主要描述对象,但作者采取了双重互视的叙述视角,打通了人与动物的世界,以人与动物的事故反省历史与人性,因此产生了陌生化的艺术效果。     

The Value of Pets in Geriatric Practice

Abstract

A program designed to help elderly pet owners is succeeding in areas unrelated to pet care. The relationships that seniors establish with the coordinating social worker and participating volunteer create opportunities in other areas. The program establishes a social work connection which can be tapped in an emergency and enhances socialization through volunteer visits. Program participation may also reduce the severity of housing problems and provide a chance to discuss end-of-life issues. Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including the importance of acknowledging the central role of a pet in the lives of many elderly people.     

The Role of Companion Animals Throughout the Family Life Cycle

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the roles that companion animals play in the lives of American families, and discusses how those roles change as families progress through the stages of the family life cycle. It highlights the importance of pets in the lives of children and the benefits they receive from such relationships. It also presents information regarding the role of a child that animals often assume within families that do not have children. This paper also discusses the impact that the death of a pet has on the family, and provides suggestions for social workers who assist families that have strong attachment to companion animals.     

论述温度对家畜生理机能的影响

本文简述恒温动物的热调节能力和环境温度对家畜生理机能的影响．并用物理方法分析恒温动物的热平衡机制，最后提出改善畜禽环境温度的一些措施．     

康德论对动物的间接义务

康德的义务概念包含了服从法则以及对法则的敬重两个要素,我们有对自己以及对他人的义务.虽然我们没有对动物的直接义务,但是我们有对动物的间接义务.它要求我们善待动物,因为对动物的方式涉及到我们对自我的义务.康德对动物的间接义务一方面强调了人的特殊地位,另一方面又强调了我们要善待动物.它不仅符合日常道德直观,而且揭示了我们日常道德直观的根基——人的自由存在.我们不需要偏离康德伦理学的基本原则来为康德辩护.