国内外新城市贫困问题研究述评

国外对新城市贫困问题的研究已经比较成熟。在贫困定义上，已从收入贫困扩展到能力贫困、权利贫困、底层阶级、社会排斥；在贫困成因上，形成了包括个人主义、贫困文化、结构主义和功能主义的多种理论解释。比较而言，国内新城市贫困问题的研究尚处于开端阶段，基本上局限于对城市贫困人口的构成、特征、形成原因和解困对策问题的探讨。国内新城市贫困问题的研究还存在缺陷，并表现出一些亟待解决的问题。     

论贫困人口发展权的法律完善

贫困人口发展权的法律完善,是在整合现有法律制度的基础上,进行更有利于贫困人口实现发展权的制度优化。具体包括以发展权为重心定位减贫立法,以国家义务为基础设计减贫义务以及以赋权法治为机制推行减贫方法。     

Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programmes in Rural China Since the Mid-1980s

This paper reviews the characteristics of poverty in rural China, focussing on regional absolute poverty in particular. It comments on the different types of explanation put forward by researchers to account for the incidence and persistence of this type of poverty and argues that governmental anti-poverty programmes must take more than economic factors into account if they are to be fully effective. There is discussion of existing governmental anti-poverty practices and of the latest proposals for reform. The paper concludes by offering further suggestions for the future in respect of both anti-poverty action and research.     

以科学之法反贫困--广西百色反贫困研究之四

反贫困方法的有效性决定着反贫困综合效益.可供选择的反贫困方法主要有规划方法、造血方法、系统方法、到户方法、到位方法等.     

精准扶贫的人权诉求、社会阻力及实现路径

为了彻底消除贫困与全面建成小康社会,面对新的经济形势与贫困态势,党和国家提出精准扶贫战略,消除贫困已成为世界人权的优先事项。消除贫困、发展权利、幸福权利是精准扶贫的三维人权诉求,经济下行压力增大、贫困多样性、农村社会冲突以及人口流动等是消除贫困的社会阻力。为此,可以通过发展国民经济、建立公正制度、健全精准识别机制以及创新社会治理机制等途径,促使精准扶贫战略的人权诉求实现。     

中国与非洲产能合作反贫困的现实困境与对策建议

消除贫困是非洲社会发展的重要目标。一直以来,中国都十分重视与非洲国家在减贫领域的交流与合作,随着中非合作反贫困实践与认识的不断深化,2016年召开的"中非合作论坛——减贫与发展会议"上,产能合作成为中非合作减贫与发展的新主题。文章通过对近年来国内外相关文献数据的梳理和分析,发现尽管以基础设施建设、产业园区打造,以及贸易往来为主要途径的中非产能合作,在推动非洲国家工业化与农业现代化进程、增强脱贫内生动力、改善贫困人口可持续生计等方面对非洲国家减贫与发展起到了重要的作用;但是,目前中国与非洲在产能合作反贫困实践中仍然存在反贫困基础薄弱、合作路径尚待优化的问题,同时也面临着国际竞争加剧一系列风险挑战。为了提高中非产能合作推动反贫困效益,优化实施路径,更好地破解合作困境,文章从政府、企业、智库、民间四个维度提出了相关对策建议。     

The Emperor's new clothes: South Africa's attempted transition to developmental social welfare and social work

This article critically interrogates the depth and quality of change of post‐apartheid welfare policy and social work practice towards a social development paradigm against the background of inequality and poverty in South Africa. It asks several questions: what kind of welfare system has the current welfare dispensation created? How far has it moved from a residual, ameliorative system to an institutional developmental system, in keeping with the developmental welfare paradigm? To what extent can residual provisions be transformed into developmental processes? What conditions are necessary for this to happen? The answers to questions such as these provide the basis for assessing South Africa's new developmental processes. The article highlights the fundamental contradictions in social development policy imperatives, which call for a marriage of economic and social considerations, and the internal contradictions across and within various welfare policies. Further, it argues that the government does not have the political will to bear the costs of the substantive change that the move towards developmental social work requires, choosing instead limited, individually targeted and ameliorative measures, such as increased social security spending. Thus, it suggests that ideological critique, consciousness raising and participation in public policy debates remain crucial for those who seek long‐term solutions to inequality and poverty in South Africa.     

Poverty reduction effectiveness of public income transfers in South Korea in the wake of the global financial crises: a panel-data analysis

By using a longitudinal data-set from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, the present study examines the poverty reduction effectiveness of public income transfers in South Korea from 1998 to 2011. Findings indicate that the average poverty rate fell from over 20% between 1998 and 2000, to 14% from 2001 to 2006, rose to 17% by 2008, and declined to 15% in 2011. However, the poverty-rate reduction effectiveness continuously increased from 5.5% in 1998 to 32.8% in 2011. The poverty-gap reduction effectiveness also improved sixfold from 6.8 to 39.6% over the same period.     

构建后脱贫时代贫困治理的长效机制:社会工作的实践

随着脱贫攻坚进入后脱贫时代,如何解决相对贫困,构建贫困治理的长效机制是研究的热点和难点.文章重点对2015年至2020年的文献进行梳理,以实践取向来分析社会工作专业介入反贫困工作的学术进展、共识与实践模式.在后脱贫时代,相对贫困、贫困区域特征、返贫风险及主要贫困群体等问题依然存在并发生新变化.社会工作能够回应相对贫困治理的复杂性、新转向并具有独特的专业优势.社会工作回应相对贫困问题并且已经探索出一套反贫困的工作流程、实施路径和实践模式.社会工作实践的社区发展模式、金融社会工作模式、社会服务与社会救助模式为未来的反贫困工作提供了重要的参考.将社会工作纳入反贫困长效机制,并就社会工作专业主体地位、反贫困工作精细化分类等提出建议.     

精准扶贫背景下农村扶贫开发与低保政策的有效衔接

扶贫开发政策和低保政策是我国政府主导实施的两项重大民生工程。扶贫开发是贫困地区首要的民生工程,最低生活保障是特困群众基本生活的最后一道防线。作为农村反贫困的两项基本制度,从政策取向来说二者有一定区别,但它们保障和改善民生的目标是完全一致的。在新阶段应注重二者的有效衔接,以充分发挥扶贫开发与低保“两轮驱动”反贫困的整体扶助效应。提出精准扶贫背景下农村脱贫效果很大程度上依赖于目前扶贫开发政策和低保政策的有效衔接,应发挥政策合力;衔接的核心又在于“瞄准”贫困,应提高资源配置效率,建立精细化的管理和考核体系。