Ecocultural Attributes: Evaluating Ecological Degradation in Terms of Ecological Goods and Services Versus Subsistence and Tribal Values

It is becoming increasingly clear that scientists, managers, lawyers, public policymakers, and the public must decide how to value what is provided by, and is a consequence of, natural resources. While “Western” scientists have clear definitions for the goods and services that ecosystems provide, we contend that these categories do not encompass the full totality of the values provided by natural resources. Partly the confusion results from a limited view of natural resources derived from the need to monetize the value of ecosystems and their component parts. Partly it derives from the “Western” way of separating natural resources from cultural resources or values, and partly it derives from the false dichotomy of assuming that ecosystems are natural, and anything constructed by man is not natural. In this article, we explore the previous assumptions, and suggest that because cultural resources often derive from, and indeed require, intact and unspoiled natural ecosystems or settings, that these values are rightly part of natural resources. The distinction is not trivial because of the current emphasis on cleaning up chemically and radiologically contaminated sites, on restoration of damaged ecosystems, on natural resource damage assessments, and on long‐term stewardship goals. All of these processes depend upon defining natural resources appropriately. Several laws, regulations, and protocols depend upon natural resource trustees to protect natural resources on trust lands, which could lead to the circular definition that natural resources are those resources that the trustees feel they are responsible for. Where subsistence or tribal peoples are involved, the definition of natural resources should be broadened to include those ecocultural attributes that are dependent upon, and have incorporated, natural resources. For example, a traditional hunting and fishing ground is less valued by subsistence peoples if it is despoiled by contamination or physical ecosystem degradation; an Indian sacred ground is tarnished if the surrounding natural environment is degraded; a traditional homeland is less valued if the land itself is contaminated. Our argument is that intact natural resources are essential elements of many cultural resources, and this aspect requires and demands adequate consideration (and may therefore require compensation).     

二世策墨林诺们罕活佛圆寂日期与地点续考

二世策墨林诺们罕是清代西藏著名活佛，原籍甘肃省洮州厅卓尼土司辖区，曾任西藏摄政（1819-1844）、第七十三任甘丹赤巴和十世达赖喇嘛的正师傅，是西藏历史上权势最大、结局最为悲惨的摄政活佛。道光二十四年（1844年）六月其被革职查办，拘禁拿问，次年（1845年）奉旨流放黑龙江，给披甲人为奴。国内外史学界对其最终结局、圆寂时间、圆寂地点、享年岁数及其呼毕勒罕三世策墨林活佛的出生年份历来众说纷纭。中国第一历史档案馆藏军机处录副奏折表明：成丰十年四月十九日（1860年6月8日），二世策墨林诺们罕活佛在新疆喀喇沙尔乌讷恩苏珠克图旧土尔扈特蒙古南部落的札萨克卓哩克图汗旗圆寂，享年69岁（1792-1860年），遗骨奉旨安葬于该旗境内的佑安寺（又称永安寺、巴伦台黄庙），其呼毕勒罕三世策墨林活佛出生于成丰十一年（1861年），而非其他年份。     

从殖民和后殖民的角度看现代性问题

全球范围内殖民主义体系的崩溃，使现代性具有了多义性和混乱性。这证明了西方现代性本身存在着矛盾性和含混性，也说明了西方现代性的对立面——反殖民主义和现代性的效颦者——更加深了现代性本身的矛盾性和含混性，表现出对资本主义工业（或后工业）社会所设想的现代文明的质疑与抗议。     

我国十二生肖文化探源

十二生肖是一种颇具内涵的文化现象，在我国已有悠久的历史。其特点是以十二种动物配十二地支，以人之生年定所属动物。我国远古的图腾崇拜是十二生肖的滥觞，而干支的创制与中华民族的多元一体则是十二生肖形成的基础.     

可持续旅游扶贫开发模式研究——社区参与乡村旅游

在对乡村旅游、旅游扶贫和社区参与旅游发展相关概念内涵及研究进展阐述的基础上,着重分析了贫困乡村社区参与旅游发展的必要性和主要障碍,提出社区参与乡村旅游的一些思路,即发挥政府的主导作用,通过政策调控保障社区参与的主体地位,通过科学合理的利益分配政策框架确立社区居民参与的激励机制,提高社区居民的相关旅游知识及进行相关能力培训,提高非政府组织在旅游发展中的作用等。     

构建我国高校知识产权教育体系

高校知识产权教育是近年来人们关注的热点。针对我国高校知识产权教育管理中存在的问题，从高校知识产权教育现状入手，借鉴日本知识产权教育管理经验，提出构建中国高校知识产权教育体系的观点，并就高校知识产权教育及教育体系问题进行了分析。     

《马端肃公诗集》刊刻、流传及价值初考

《马端肃公诗集》是明代中期著名政治家马文升的诗集，白寿彝先生在其主编的《回族人物志》中认为该诗集已经佚失。其实，《马端肃公诗集》自明代万历十八年（1590）刊刻后就一直在流传，并于20世纪初收藏在南京图书馆。笔者试对《马端肃公诗集》的刊刻、流传情况及价值作一考论。     

潘懋元：谈中国高等教育管理思想

随着高等教育研究的日益深入，高等教育领域内的问题也层出不穷，尤其是高等教育管理领域的问题，非常值得研究与思考。从高等教育管理学科体系来看，高等教育管理的研究面宽，研究内容多，可以分为宏观和微观两个层面；重视历史研究是高等教育管理研究的必然要求，只有对高等教育的历史背景和社会发展有全面的了解才能更加有的放矢地进行高等教育管理理论探讨，才能在历史和现实的背号下提出切实可行的高等教育管理的理念；高等教育管理研究的理论源自于高等教育管理研究的实践，并在具体的研究过程中不断予以修正、完善、发展和深化；要注意“全面适应”和“主动适应”两个核心管理理念的联系；应重视高等教育管理学的应用性，强调理论在实践中的可操作性。     

社会化改革后高校后勤运行模式的理性选择

高校后勤社会化改革是一个复杂的系统工程,需经历一个发展的过程.辩证地分析高校后勤现行运行模式的优缺点,探讨社会化改革后高校后勤运行模式选择的基本原则和理性选择的思路,提出高校深化后勤社会化改革的参考模式.     

Complex belief-desire reasoning in children

Previous research concerned with children's belief-desire psychology has examined the capacity to predict or interpret action on the basis of the implicit proposition that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, he or she will undertake that action’. The limitations of this formulation for understanding acts of omission are outlined and an elaborated version of belief-desire psychology introduced. This version holds that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, and when it is believed that there are no co-occurring outcomes of that action whose avoidance is desired more highly than is the originally conceived end, then the actor will undertake the action which will satisfy the original desire’. An experiment is reported which examines 4-, 5, and 7-year-olds' ability to predict story characters' actions on the basis of either their true or false beliefs concerning undesirable outcomes associated with the pursuit of a desired end. Children of all age-groups provided evidence of understanding the elaborated version of belief-desire psychology. However, a significant improvement was noted between the ages of 4 and 7 years in the ability to understand circumstances involving false beliefs.