On Box–Muller Transformation and Simulation of Normal Record Data

Record data are commonly encountered in many fields such as sports, geography, finance, and reliability. In this article, we use the well-known Box–Muller transformation to develop an efficient method of simulating record data from the normal distribution. Another method based on exponential records is also discussed. Then, the performance of these algorithms is compared with some standard simulation methods.     

强制清污费的法律性质研究

船舶发生海难事故，造成或者可能造成海洋环境的重大污染损害，国家海事行政主管部门有权强制采取避免或者减少污染损害的措施。对于该强制清污产生的费用（即强制清污费）的法律性质，我国法律未有明确规定，理论界对此问题的争议较大，由此造成司法实践中的困惑。从一般观点对比入手，依据非行政费用性、民事法律性和立法趋势等方面，最终得出强制清污费的民事法律性质。     

学习成绩与外部评价及自我功效感的相关分析

通过多因素分组实验设计，得到不同条件下高等数学学习优等生及后进生的学习成绩、自我功效感等相关数据，并利用统计分析方法研究了学习成绩与教师外部评价及学生自我功效的相互关系，得到学习效果与训练强度有关、外部评价直接影响自我功效感、提升学生自我功效感不是提高学生学习成绩的充分条件等结论。     

Inequalities in Infant Survival: An Analysis of Czech Linked Records

This research analysed individual linked infantbirth and death records for the Czech Republicfor the years from 1986 to 1992. The studyfocused on differences in the risk of infantdeath in a former socialist country whereconditions were relatively egalitarian andhealth care was free. The key variablesanalysed included birthweight, gestational age,education level and age of mother, birth order,marital status and age of infant at the time ofdeath. Despite an expectation of low levels ofinequality in infant mortality, significantdifferences were found that were related to thelevel of mothers' education. In addition,infant mortality increased with birth order ofthe child in the postneonatal period and fornormal birthweight infants (even whencontrolling for other variables). Theseanomalies, we believe, have a significantsocio-economic root and not a biologicalrelationship. The inverted pattern in infantmortality for low birthweight babies foundamong Afro-American women in the U.S was alsofound for women with low levels of educationwithin the ethnically homogeneous Czechpopulation. Similar patterns were replicated atregional levels in the Czech Republic.Surprisingly, two very contrasting regions (interms of socio-economic development andfunctions) – Prague and Ceske Budejovice –were found to have the highest risk of infantdeath, characterized primarily by increasedrisk for infants in the ``normal' or usually lowrisk categories.     

行业协会章程的法律规制

对行业协会章程的法律规章可参考公司法的作法，通过必须记载事项和任意记载事项的形式将二者有机的协调起来。必须记载事项是根据法律规定必须在章程上彰显的内容，包括章程的制定和修改程序、行业协会的名称住所、宗旨、任务、会员、组织机构及职责、经费与会计等，必须记载事项缺项记载或其中任何一项记载违法，将导致章程无效。任意记载事项属于行业自治权范围，是否记载听凭当事人自便。具体操作中，必要记载事项和任意记载事项并非泾渭分明，二者往往在一项记载中同时体现出来。鉴于我国目前实践中混乱状况，章程的效力和章程的监督也应进行相应法律规制，对章程的法律规制应在未来的行业协会立法中     

BOOK REVIEWS

Abstract

IN THE NAME OF THE FAMILY: RETHINKING FAMILY VALUES IN THE POSTMODERN AGE. Judith Stacey. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996, 194 pp., ISBN 0-8070-0432-4, $22.00 hardcover. Reviewed by Valerie S. Mannis.

CONFESSIONS OF A LOST MOTHER. Elisa M. Barton. Baltimore, MD: Gateway, 1996, 157 pp., ISBN 0-9650795-0-3, $14.95 paper. Reviewed by Karen Schmid.

THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD: THE LEAST DETRIMENTAL ALTERNATIVE. Joseph Goldstein, Albert J. Solnit, Sonja Goldstein, and the late Anna Freud. New York: The Free Press, 1996, 311 pp., ISBN 0-684-82337-3, $35.00 hardcover. Reviewed by Renee Garfinkel.     

近现代学人对大同思想的阐释及其社会主义指向

大同思想是中国社会主义的文化资源。在近代以来的中西文明撞击中,中国学人把它与人类文明发展趋势统一起来,判断资本主义,追求理想社会,使之发生了历史嬗变。不同学者对它的解释有所不同,有的认为它出自儒家,有的将之归于道家或墨家,因而有不同倾向,但其中的共同指向是社会主义。     

Does Opening Adoption Records Have an Adverse Social Impact? Some Lessons from the U.S., Great Britain,and Australia, 1953–2007

This study provides an international history of the adoption reform movement in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia from 1953 to 2007. It empirically tests how safe birth parents and adopted adults are in countries that have opened their adoption records, usually birth registration records, using contact preference forms and contact vetoes. The results of this investigation reveal that a vast gap exists between the fear by birth parents and adopted adults that their privacy will be invaded and their family disrupted and the reality that few or no offenses are committed. It follows that opening adoption records with contact preference forms or contact vetoes provides a balanced adoption disclosure system and is a viable alternative to the sealed adoption policies currently used in the vast majority of American states and Canadian provinces.     

走马楼吴简赋税收支记录管窥

根据走马楼吴简的赋税收支记录可知,赋税的种类不同,征收与管理的方式也有所不同。例如赋税的缴纳,有自送与代输;对于不宜分割物品,采用合户征收或折纳等方式;对赋税的账目管理,采用"莂"的形式,以便各方面互相监督;船师在不同仓库之间的赋税转运中发挥着重要作用。     

Distribution-free confidence intervals for quantiles and tolerance intervals in terms of k-records

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining non-parametric confidence intervals for quantiles when available data are in the form of k-records. Distribution-free confidence intervals as well as lower and upper confidence limits are derived for fixed quantiles of an arbitrary unknown distribution based on k-records of an independent and identically distributed sequence from that distribution. The construction of tolerance intervals and limits based on k-records is also discussed. An exact expression for the confidence coefficient of these intervals are derived. Some tables are also provided to assist in choosing the appropriate k-records for the construction of these confidence intervals and tolerance intervals. Some simulation results are presented to point out some of the features and properties of these intervals. Finally, the data, representing the records of the amount of annual rainfall in inches recorded at Los Angeles Civic Center, are used to illustrate all the results developed in this paper and also to demonstrate the improvements that they provide on those based on either the usual records or the current records.