中国城乡社会安全网的覆盖面与横向公平性问题

在市场转型的过程,中国政府在社会安全网的重新编织上作出了极大的努力。社会救助体系开始制度化,近四千万贫困人群从中受益。但是,社会安全网的发展并不平衡。农村地区贫困人口多,但社会救助受益者反而少,甚至众多生活在赤贫状态下的农民没有这项权利。由于救助标准的差异,很多地区依照当地生活标准处于赤贫状态的民众也无权享受社会救助。社会安全网的健全,必须重视横向公平的实现,即让不同地区的贫困人群能够享受大体相同的社会救助。     

Personal assistance from family members as an unwanted situation,an optimal solution or an additional good? The Swedish example

The aim of this article was to explore how users experienced and managed personal assistance from family members who are employed as personal assistants. Seventeen users of personal assistance provided by one or several family members, often in combination with external personal assistants, participated. Thematic qualitative interviews were conducted. The participants were between 19 and 58 years old, and were living with various impairments: mobility, sensory and/or learning disabilities. The results showed that personal assistance from family members could both promote and be a barrier to disabled people’s control over their own lives and participation in society. It became evident that the situation could have both advantages and disadvantages for both parties, which puts the focus on the interdependency between the participants and their family assistants. However, the results also points to a potential risk that the welfare state (re)passes its responsibilities back on to disabled people and their families.     

Training and job search assistance programmes in Spain: The case of long-term unemployed

Exploiting administrative records of the Spanish Public Employment Services for the period 2010–2012, we analyse the influence of participation in training and job search assistance programmes on the employment probability of the long-term unemployed. Using the coarsened exact matching method, we find that participation in both programmes exerts a positive influence on the employability of jobseekers, but participation in training seems to be more effective, especially as regards the likelihood of getting jobs of a certain quality. The treatment effect is higher for the long-term unemployed, thus suggesting the convenience of their participation in these active measures.     

从《酒诰》看周公的执政思维特点

《酒诰》是周公命康叔在殷商故地卫国宣布戒酒的诰辞.作为我国历史上颁布的第一部戒酒法令,其内容与周初其他诰辞相比较,则更能直观地反映出周公的执政思维特点:既彰显天命,威慑百僚庶众,又时刻强调殷鉴和崇尚节俭保民,并孜孜以求地对殷商遗民进行安抚和怀柔.     

An Investigation and Analysis of the“Huaxin Model”of Complementary Counterpart Assistance to Tibet

Tibet is located in the high Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Surrounded by tall mountains,it, thus,forms a relatively complete inland geograph-ical unit,and is largely sealed off from the rest of the country. T...     

Does federal flood hazard mitigation assistance affect community rating system participation?

With the inexorable march of climate change, increased flooding is inevitable. Understanding the feedback between federal flood mitigation policies and the ways in which local governments build flood resilience is a significant gap in the literature. In particular, the effect that federal flood mitigation grants have on the intensity of local flood mitigation is nonexistent. This work measures flood risk mitigation by using the level of participation in FEMA's Community Rating System (CRS). Communities that participate in the CRS and undertake mitigation are awarded points; more points imply a higher level of participation. Since its inception in 1990, CRS communities have received considerably more federal pre-disaster flood mitigation grants compared to non-CRS communities. This study assesses the effect of federal pre-disaster flood mitigation grants on the level of participation in the CRS program. We use data on Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs and CRS participation data between 2010 and 2015. We link these data to flood risk and socioeconomic information. Our results indicate (i) federal pre-disaster flood mitigation grants do not appear to significantly influence the level of CRS participation, (ii) the effect of flood risk and socioeconomic factors on the level of CRS participation are mixed, and (iii) the current level of CRS participation is influenced by the previous level of CRS participation, which is not tied to federal pre-disaster flood mitigation grant. These findings add to the growing discussions on the drivers and barriers of local flood risk mitigation.     

Smaller net or just fewer to catch? Disentangling the causes for the varying sizes of minimum income schemes

The number of social assistance recipients varies significantly between welfare states. Social assistance is a last-resort residual benefit, so a high number of receipts may be related to policies for first-tier benefits, social assistance and their implementation, as well as need factors (unemployment rate and low income). Considering the strong political will to diminish the receipt of last-resort benefits, we demonstrated a way to decompose the reasons for eligibility in a cross-national analysis of two Nordic countries, namely Finland and Sweden. By using administrative register microdata, eligibility simulations and policy swaps, we found that the legislative features of social assistance, such as more extensive benefit norms and earning disregard, contribute to Finland's higher eligibility rate and likely explain some of the reasons for its higher number of recipients. Finland also exhibited lower non-take-up rates among those eligible, which implies better access to benefits than in Sweden.     

人工智能介入量刑机制：困境、定位与解构

司法人工智能分为常规型人工智能与专业型人工智能,前者是将通用领域已经发展成熟的人工智能直接移植至司法领域而无需专门的算法更新,主要目的是将审判人员从繁重的"事务性"工作中解放出来,因而其也无法介入审判的核心内容;后者是诸如量刑辅助系统等专门为司法领域开发的介入审判实质内容的人工智能,其是司法人工智能的核心。当前司法人工智能的实践现状是常规型人工智能因其有坚实基础而卓有成效,但极为重要的专业型人工智能的开发与使用并不理想,主要原因是法学研究对专业型人工智能的研发理论供给不足,具体表现为"抽象有余而具象不足",其深层次原因在于法学专业知识与人工智能技术知识没有深度融合,即"懂技术的不懂法律,懂法律的不懂技术"。宏观层面,在智能爆炸不可预期的时空背景下,生命2.0阶段(文化阶段)或弱人工智能时代仍是当下及可预见未来所长期处于的阶段,故作为"工具"的量刑人工智能仍应定位于辅助量刑而非决定量刑,且基于量刑规范化改革的价值内涵,应更进一步地定位于规范性辅助而非参考性辅助,二者的区别是智能系统给出的阶段性量刑结论对法官的约束力大小。在微观层面,智能量刑系统的算法构建应以量刑逻辑主导算法逻辑为原则,以诸如量刑基准、不法刑等具有"共性"属性的阶段性量刑为作用领域而非其能力之外的终局性量刑结论(宣告刑);此外,为防止算法黑箱、算法歧视以及相关关系代替因果关系,须做到量刑人工智能的算法公开和阶段性量刑结论的可解释性。     

尼赫鲁执政时期联邦德国对印经济援助的原因探析

尼赫鲁执政时期，联邦德国在1956年至1963年期间对印度进行了大规模的经济援助。这一时期联邦德国对印进行经济援助的原因是多方面的，其中响应、跟随美国的对印政策是最初的动因，推行、维护其德国统一政策决定着联邦德国对印经济援助的规模和力度，抵制所谓共产主义的扩张和中国的威胁以及对冲苏联对印度经济援助造成的影响也是这一时期联邦德国对印度大规模经济援助的重要原因。此外，以对印度进行经济援助为契机，为联邦德国的工业品打开印度市场，从而为联邦德国经济的持续繁荣创造条件是联邦德国对印度进行经济援助在经济上的重要考量。     

六社联动下我国农村失独老人社会救助的路径研究

农村失独老人由于文化程度低,晚年没有稳定的收入和保障,处于生活、社会关系、社会融入等全方位的身心困境中。以社会支持理论为基础,分析农村失独老人的现状和需求,研究影响农村失独老人社会救助困境的主要因素,分析失独家庭社会救助供给各主体的现状及问题,提出构建以政府为中心的“六社联动”的失独老人多元社会救助机制。