Learning to smell: on the shifting modalities of experience

ABSTRACT

How can one learn to perceive? The study of an expert training shows how olfactory learning combines two operations and modalities of experience: firstly, it rests upon doubt and the questioning of perception to turn its undisputable evidence into a changing plurality. Secondly, perception is reconstructed and stabilized according to a set of chosen constraints, thanks to a perpetual control and reworking of the inadequate perceptions.

This analysis brings us to reconsider the interpretation of the notion of “attention”. Trainees focusing on their perception do not make it more salient, precise and detailed, as per the representational interpretation of perception. They question it. In so doing, they foster a surge of “shades” and make it plural and variable. Attention denotes here a process of perceptual destabilization, through doubt.

Additionally, in the cases studied, the reflexivity that enables learning shows deconstructive aspects: through doubt, the surrounding world turns from self-evident to changing and plural. This does not fit the usual constructive character of reflexivity, as in “mind-” or “self-building” processes, for instance. At the core of the learning process, the shifting modalities of perception seem to open the door to a larger variety of understandings of reflexivity and their correlative selves.     

Paternal and Maternal Experiences in Caring for Chinese Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Hong Kong

This paper reports the results of an exploratory study that (i) identified parental stress and competence, parents’ perception of their children's attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and the parent‐child relationship in caring for children with ADHD; (ii) compared paternal and maternal experiences in these areas; and (iii) examined the effect of children's ADHD behavior on paternal and maternal experiences in Hong Kong Chinese parents. Seventy‐two (59.5%) mothers and 49 (40.5%) fathers participated in the study, in which data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that: (i) mothers’ level of parental stress was higher than fathers’, but paternal and maternal competence in child‐rearing did not significantly vary; (ii) mothers perceived the child's ADHD behavior more seriously than fathers; (iii) both mothers and fathers had positive perceptions of their parent‐child relationship; and (iv) gender, employment, ADHD symptoms, and parental satisfaction explained the significant variance in parental stress but did not explain the significant variance in parental competence. Implications for social work practice and service development are discussed.     

基于LSTHAR模型的投资者关注对股市波动影响研究

有限关注理论认为投资者关注有限,无法掌握市场上所有信息,这会使股票出现暂时的错误定价,引起市场波动,因此投资者关注可能包含预测波动的有益信息。鉴于百度指数能较好代理中国投资者的主动性关注,本文提出将其作为逻辑平滑转移结构的转移变量,引入已实现波动的异质自回归类模型,以刻画投资者关注的变化对未来市场波动的非线性影响。基于华夏上证50ETF高频价格数据的实证表明:新模型相比于异质自回归类基础模型,有显著更优的拟合效果和显著更强的预测性能,即投资者关注的非线性引入对波动率预测有显著贡献。本文还发现,相比于引入移动端百度指数和总体百度指数,引入电脑端百度指数对模型预测性能的改进明显更大,表明电脑端百度指数代表的投资者关注对市场波动有更大的影响。研究结论对投资者风险管理和投资决策有实际指导意义。     

媒介企业核心竞争力及其培育

为了能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地,商业企业越来越认识到培育核心竞争力的重要性。对于我国的媒介企业,随着开放政策逐步付诸实施和竞争态势的日益加剧,其培育核心竞争力的必要性也显得越来越迫切。本文在对大量文献进行评析的基础上,从媒介企业经营的核心环节———对受众注意力价值高度关注的角度出发,提出了媒介核心竞争力的培育,应该是合理的受众定位、适当的内容组织和有效的营销方式三者构成的完整系统的观点。     

对沉默者"实"利的坚守--论赵树理对农民的关注视角

三晋文化中"实"的浸染与底层人生阅历中对"实"的体认,使赵树理无论是参加社会革命实践活动,还是文艺创作,都把这种为农民"实"利的追寻当成了自己最高的价值取向.这种价值标准使赵树理在关注农村时呈现出与鲁迅异样的特色,同时造成了他一系列的命运波折.     

等亮度条件下范畴信息对预搜索的影响

考察等亮度条件下新旧客体之间的范畴关系对预搜索(preview search)的影响.以字母和数字为范畴材料,以搜索一个靶子字母(H)或数字(6)为任务,以预搜索为实验范式.结果表明:(1)当旧客体为数字而靶子为字母时,产生了完整的预搜索效应;(2)当旧客体为字母而靶子为数字时,只产生了部分预搜索效应.这些结果显示,在等亮度条件下,范畴信息有助于产生预搜索效应,而且存在非对称性.     

独善其身:诗人理性深永的心灵超悟

从独善其身诗篇产生的社会心理可知，有不少诗人正是通过追求山水林野之美来追求独立于封建伦理规范之外的人生理想。诗人对于自然界的崇高感觉就是对于自身行为的崇敬，而经由某种暗换赋予了一自然界对象。独善其身的诗人往往从内向的默省中体味人生，他们的诗篇中往往既表现了对官场的厌倦，又表现出对黑暗现实的愤懑之情。     

Antecedents and Consequences of Words

As instances of behavior, words interact with environments. But they also interact with each other and with other kinds of behavior. Because of the interlocking nature of the contingencies into which words enter, their behavioral properties may become increasingly removed from nonverbal contingencies, and their relationship to those contingencies may become distorted by the social contingencies that maintain verbal behavior. Verbal behavior is an exceedingly efficient way in which one organism can change the behavior of another. All other functions of verbal behavior derive from this most basic function, sometimes called verbal governance. Functional verbal antecedents in verbal governance may be extended across time and space when individuals replicate the verbal behavior of others or their own verbal behavior. Differential contact with different verbal antecedents may follow from differential attention to verbal stimuli correlated with consequential events. Once in place, verbal behavior can be shaped by (usually social) consequences. Because these four verbal processes (verbal governance, replication, differential attention, and verbal shaping) share common stimulus and response terms, they produce interlocking contingencies in which extensive classes of behavior come to be dominated by verbal antecedents. Very different consequences follow from verbal behavior depending on whether it is anchored to environmental events, as in scientific verbal practices, or becomes independent of it, as in religious fundamentalism.     

选择性视觉注意与网页视觉热区分布的研究

设计了网页视觉热区数据的采集系统，分析了选择性视觉注意与网页视觉热区的分布，为网页设计者提供了更为科学的版面设置方案，且可提高网站的信息浏览量，为网站评价体系提供更多的参数．     

高职旅游酒店管理专业情境教学模式的应用

职业特色突出的高职旅游酒店管理专业的教学注重在掌握理论知识的同时进行职业能力的培养,情境教学模式实用并易于操作,特别适用于职业教育。为了成功地运用此种教学模式,论文提出了实施中应该注意的相关事项。