浅析我国网络服务商的避风港规则

避风港规则作为网络服务商侵权责任的免责条款，在平衡网络服务商与版权人的利益方面发挥着重要作用，但在司法实践中却存在诸如如何正确理解避风港规则的法律性质，如何区分避风港规则中的“明知”或“应知”，网络服务商是否具有主动审查义务以及如何理解通知删除程序等法律问题。文章拟借助法律规范的诠释和司法适用的审视，对上述问题进行剖析。     

Depression and Suicide Among Community Elderly

Abstract

The phenomena of hopelessness, depression and, suicidality among the elderly have been long recognized as a social problem. It is commonly agreed that the rates of depression, sense of hopelessness and, suicidality in that age group are higher among older people. Due to its sensitive nature, the gerontological literature has been paid more theoretical and empirical attention to the understanding of such phenomena at the last two decades.

The present study concerned hopelessness, depression and, suicidality among an elderly community population. It aimed at providing a demographic profile of factors contributing to depression and suicidality among old people. At five senior citizen centers at the north of Israel, 316 old people living in the community were randomly selected. Subjects were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (HS), and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI). The data suggest that four main demographic variables contributed to the explanation of suicidality, depression, and hopelessness among the elderly. Practical implications are discussed.     

Attachment Between Former Spouses

This study examines the relationship between attachment of former spouses and parental communication and involvement. Data were collected from one hundred and seventeen divorced persons (46 men and 71 women) with school aged children. Research instruments included a shortened version of Kitson's (1982) attachment scale and Goldsmith's (1980) Co-Parental Communication and Parental Participation scales. Results suggest attachment may not be an adequate predictor in how involved divorced men are with their children. Rather, family boundary ambiguity in divorced families (particularly for males) may contribute to both low parental involvement and co-parental communication.     

Identifying and developing effective approaches to foster intercultural understanding in schools

This paper provides a systematic review of education literature focused on identifying school-based approaches for developing students’ intercultural understanding. Studies were assessed using selection criteria and then critically appraised for study quality. A key finding from the review is that developing students’ intercultural understanding beyond cultural awareness requires students and teachers to take a critical approach toward cultural diversity, as well as the opportunity for ongoing intercultural and intergroup contact. Studies reported that only building cultural awareness and knowledge is not enough to promote long-term changes in attitudes. There is a need for more rigorously evaluated longitudinal school-based interventions. Finally, studies consistently call for investment in teachers’ professional and personal intercultural capabilities. The paper concludes by calling for school-based interventions that are informed by best practice approaches at a whole school level in order to effectively develop students’ intercultural attitudes and skills.     

World Health Organization Regional Assessments of the Risks of Poliovirus Outbreaks

While global polio eradication requires tremendous efforts in countries where wild polioviruses (WPVs) circulate, numerous outbreaks have occurred following WPV importation into previously polio‐free countries. Countries that have interrupted endemic WPV transmission should continue to conduct routine risk assessments and implement mitigation activities to maintain their polio‐free status as long as wild poliovirus circulates anywhere in the world. This article reviews the methods used by World Health Organization (WHO) regional offices to qualitatively assess risk of WPV outbreaks following an importation. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of various risk assessment approaches, and opportunities to harmonize approaches. These qualitative assessments broadly categorize risk as high, medium, or low using available national information related to susceptibility, the ability to rapidly detect WPV, and other population or program factors that influence transmission, which the regions characterize using polio vaccination coverage, surveillance data, and other indicators (e.g., sanitation), respectively. Data quality and adequacy represent a challenge in all regions. WHO regions differ with respect to the methods, processes, cut‐off values, and weighting used, which limits comparisons of risk assessment results among regions. Ongoing evaluation of indicators within regions and further harmonization of methods between regions are needed to effectively plan risk mitigation activities in a setting of finite resources for funding and continued WPV circulation.     

The Egyptian episode of self-build housing

The Egyptian experience has rarely been incorporated into housing literature within the context of self-build technique. In the last five decades, Egypt has passed through various self-build housing policies. This paper demonstrates shifting the onus of self-build techniques, and shows how these policies and changes affected the urban poor. The paper develops an understanding of the recent transformations of self-help techniques in Egypt through five phases and transpired into varied forms of urban policies. It highlights the shifting liaison of the state and civil society within the implementation of self-build housing. An analysis of self-build housing options designed to accommodate the urban poor concludes the study.     

我国部分地方高校体育教育专业人才培养方案的研究

人才培养方案是高校人才培养目标和规格的具体化、实践化形式,它集中体现了一所高校的育人思想和办学理念,是一所高校人才培养的总体实施蓝图和根本性的指导文件。地方高校体育教育专业人才培养方案发展趋向于培养目标多样化,选修课的比例加大,必修课的比例将逐渐减小,教育类课程增加等。     

Correlates of Hazard Education Programs for Youth

Virtually no research has examined the hypothesized benefits of hazard education programs for youth in helping to increase community resilience. This exploratory study examined the role of these programs in helping to increase child and family resilience to a range of future hazards. Various aspects of hazards programs were examined in relation to a wide range of child- and parent-reported hazard adjustments in a sample of 560 schoolchildren. Additional factors assessed included childrens' risk perceptions, knowledge of response-related protective activities, and hazard-related emotional factors. Overall, the results supported the role of hazards education programs in increasing hazard adjustments in the home. The findings also supported various aspects of education program involvement as being related to more realistic risk perceptions, increased knowledge, and increased interaction with caregivers. Analyses identified the following features of these programs as being particularly important: provision of specific knowledge (e.g., an emergency management perspective); multiple program involvement over time; and, importantly, promotion of increased interaction between children and parents. Overall, findings supported the idea that hazards education programs for youth provide one gateway through which communities can increase their resilience to the effects of a major hazardous event. Findings also provided an initial foundation for further research in this emerging area.     

自动控制原理的双语教学研究

双语教学是我国高等教育与国际接轨的必然趋势,是新世纪培养高素质复合型人才的需要,就自动控制原理的双语教学来看,目前还存在着许多的问题,需要在师资队伍建设、教材建设以及教学方法上采取一系列有效措施,提高其教学质量。     

京剧表演程式与被规训的身体

京剧程式是京剧表演的语言,也是规训京剧演员的内容和方式。京剧样板戏通过程式建立了一套权力机制,用于规训民众的身体,从而规训民众的革命身份。民间表演对程式的解构却一定程度上削弱了权力的严肃性。