论清末立宪从官制改革入手之误

晚清政府欲从改革官制入手推动立宪,结果官制改革遭遇了来自官僚群体的强大阻力,在最高统治者慈禧立场转变之后,官制改革无可避免地走向龙头蛇尾的结局.虽有改变,但根本未动,效果有限,非但不能廓清积弊,反使积弊愈积愈多,愈演愈烈.龙头蛇尾的官制改革重挫晚清政府的统治威信,使其立宪之路更加艰难,自救的机会更为渺茫.清末立宪首先应做的不是改革官制,而是开议院,扩大政治参与,增强改革的力量.立宪从官制入手,无议院为助力,官制难改,立宪难行;立宪从开议院入手,先有议院,则官制可改,立宪可行.     

Getting payments at Centrelink

This paper presents findings from a small qualitative study of tertiary students who were receiving income support payments from Centrelink. They are some of the millions of Australians receiving income support payments from Centrelink each year. The aim of the study was to explore and illuminate the experience of receiving income support payments. The findings indicate that people who may appear to have no problems accessing Centrelink may nevertheless undertake considerable efforts to receive their payments. These efforts involve practical tasks, intra and interpersonal processes and use of material resources. As many social work clients receive some sort of income support payment, these issues are relevant across social work settings.     

Siting Noxious Facilities: A Test of the Facility Siting Credo

Over the past decade it has become increasingly difficult to site noxious facilities, despite the fact that there is a growing need to do so. To address this problem, a set of guidelines for a fairer, wiser, and more workable siting process—the Facility Siting Credo—was developed during a National Facility Siting Workshop in 1990. This paper presents an empirical test of these guidelines. A questionnaire based on the Credo was completed by stakeholders in 29 waste facility siting cases, both successful and unsuccessful, across the United States and Canada. Using an independent determination of outcome (success), a preliminary ranking of the importance of various Credo principles was obtained. The data reveal that establishing trust between the developer and host community is an important factor in facilitating the siting process. The siting process is most likely to be successful when the community perceives the facility design to be appropriate and to satisfy its needs. Public participation also is seen to be an important process variable, particularly if it encourages a view that the facility best meets community needs. Moreover, a siting process where communities volunteer to host facilities is an approach that holds promise for meeting many of these key success criteria.     

Who Holds the Stakes? A Case Study of Stakeholder Identification at Two Nuclear Weapons Production Sites

Traditional risk assessments, including those involving the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), are often criticized for producing useless or noncredible management responses because they did not meaningfully involve the public. The first step to involve the public is to identify appropriate active participants (stakeholders). This study was done to understand the processes used to identify stakeholders to serve on advisory boards established at the two largest remediation sites in the United States: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The Hanford stakeholder identification process produced an interest-based board whereas the Savannah River Site strategy produced population-based representation. The basic goals of the stakeholder advisory groups were similar. However, different processes were used to identify the participants for the groups in part because of distinctly different social and cultural conditions in the areas affected by the operations of the two facilities, and in part because of the different level of trust of the USDOE and their contractors at Hanford compared with Savannah River. The discussion analyzes their different needs and potential for successful citizen participation.     

Six Propositions on Public Participation and Their Relevance for Risk Communication

New societal obligations for communicating risk information are emerging in a variety of contexts. This article draws upon the lengthy societal experience with citizen participation programs to identify how risk communication efforts may be effectively structured and implemented. Six major propositions address such themes as means/ends differences in expectations, the timing of the program, the role of credibility and trust, the need for technical and analytical resources, differing thresholds of public involvement, and limitations upon current understandings. Key conclusions for the design of risk communication programs are set forth.     

中国乡村社会转型与村民的非制度化政治参与--基于14个村庄田野资料的分析

本文试图在社会转型期的背景下透视农民的非制度化政治参与,结合文献资料和田野调查,全面探讨现行的乡村权力结构与村民非制度化政治参与的关系,建议扩大农民的制度化政治参与.     

The Quality of Stakeholder-Based Decisions

The increased use of stakeholder processes in environmental decision making has raised concerns about the quality of decisions these processes produce. Some claim that stakeholders make inadequate use of scientific information and analysis and are all too ready to sacrifice technical quality for political expediency. This article looks to the case study record to examine the quality of the decisions from stakeholder-based processes. The data for the analysis come from a "case survey," in which researchers coded information from 239 published case studies of stakeholder involvement in environmental decision making. These cases reflect a diversity of planning, management, and implementation activities carried out by environmental and natural resource agencies at many levels of government. Overall, the case-study record suggests that there should be little concern that stakeholder processes are resulting in low-quality decisions. The majority of cases contain evidence of stakeholders improving decisions over the status quo; adding new information, ideas, and analysis; and having adequate access to technical and scientific resources. Indeed, data suggest that it is the more intensive stakeholder processes--precisely those that have aroused recent concern--that are more likely to result in higher-quality decisions.     

社区营造林质量管理的制度研究 河北易县南城司乡南台村案例分析

在对案例区的营造林质量管理工作全面调查的基础上,划分了营造林质量管理工作的相关利益群体,并进行了利益相关者分析.同时,对营造林质量支持系统中的技术、经营两方面的社区参与性进行了分析,阐述了社区营造林质量提高的内在原因--产权制度的变革充分调动了社区群众参与营造林质量管理的积极性.     

中学教师自主管理过程浅析

中学教师的自主管理过程 ,从主要依托集体管理规范、社会期望要求及外部保障机制的“外”阶段 ,到逐步内化规范、满足角色期待、唤醒自我意识、发展自我教育能力、提升人文素养、塑造高尚人格 ,由此增强内驱力 ,热爱、追求教育事业 ,自愿接受规范的“内”阶段 ,再到把教育事业与主体内在价值一致起来 ,自主管理 ,积极、主动、自由地发展 ,自发遵守行为规范 ,充分实现自我价值的“外”阶段 ,是一个“要我做”———“我应做”———“我要做”的过程。教师的自主管理主要包括自我认识、自我调整 ,自我强化、自我激励 ,自我调适、自我反省和自我实践、自我提高等环节。     

妇女经济参与、能力建设与当代中国社会发展

解放和发展妇女生产力是一项重要的战略任务,从男女交融的视角来探讨女性及当代社会发展问题,确立妇女与社会同步发展的理念,促使社会改变不利于妇女发展的思想观念和社会环境,推动以人的自由、平等和全面发展为目标的可持续发展战略的实现。妇女发展必须确立"能力本位"的发展观,把妇女能力建设作为生产力发展的新途径,以有利于妇女创新能力建设为标志进行社会思想观念创新,信息网络拓宽女性经济参与的影响和路径。