高层管理者战略信念形成的动因研究:综述与展望

高层管理者是企业的战略决策者,他们的认知反映在企业管理活动的方方面面中,对企业战略问题识别有着重要的影响。信念作为认知结构的基本要素,其定义和内涵都有了较多的研究。同时,学者们在战略信念对企业战略决策的影响方面,也进行了较多的实证分析。相比之下,战略信念的形成过程和战略信念的影响因素却很少有系统研究。文章从动态的角度剖析战略信念的形成,不局限于用人口统计学特征,挖掘战略信念的影响因素,对战略认知相关文献做出了重要补充。同时,也有助于高层管理者调整自身战略信念,进而更灵活地做出企业战略选择和提高组织绩效。     

Predicting the development of dependency on the teacher in late childhood: The role of peer victimization and peer beliefs

Evidence indicates that being overly dependent on the teacher places children's academic and socioemotional development at risk. However, little is known about what predicts dependency on the teacher or how the quality of interactions occurring within the classroom peer system may impact how children relate to their teacher the following school year. The current study tested the proposition that peer victimization may result in negative perceptions of classmates (i.e., peer beliefs), leading to overreliance on teachers. Data were collected from 365 children in the fall and spring of their third/fourth grade year and the fall of their fourth/fifth grade year (195 girls; M_age = 8.92 years; 86.8% white). Peer-reports of peer victimization and self-reports of peer beliefs were collected at each wave of the study. Teacher-reports of dependency were collected in the fall of the first and second years of the study. Path analyses showed that for boys peer victimization directly predicted higher levels of dependency on the next year's teacher, and, for boys and girls, peer victimization indirectly predicted dependency through lower levels of prosocial peer beliefs. Supplemental analyses assessing teacher-child conflict and closeness confirmed that findings were unique to dependency. These results underscore how children's perceptions of their classmates may contribute to dependency in their relationships with teachers and highlight the need for further research into the transactional and cumulative impact of difficulties within peer and teacher relationships.