Catastrophe Risk Models for Evaluating Disaster Risk Reduction Investments in Developing Countries

Major natural disasters in recent years have had high human and economic costs, and triggered record high postdisaster relief from governments and international donors. Given the current economic situation worldwide, selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures is critical. This is especially the case for low‐ and middle‐income countries, which have suffered disproportionally more economic and human losses from disasters. This article discusses a methodology that makes use of advanced probabilistic catastrophe models to estimate benefits of DRR measures. We apply such newly developed models to generate estimates for hurricane risk on residential structures on the island of St. Lucia, and earthquake risk on residential structures in Istanbul, Turkey, as two illustrative case studies. The costs and economic benefits for selected risk reduction measures are estimated taking account of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. We conclude by emphasizing the advantages and challenges of catastrophe model‐based cost‐benefit analyses for DRR in developing countries.     

论民商法原则对企业立法的规制

文章探讨了民商法原则对企业立法的规制.企业作为独立市场主体资格具有正常的行为方式,企业的行为必须是自益行为、自主行为和与企业组织形式相应的行为,国家管理不能取代社会调节功能,民事责任对于企业行为规制的基础性作用不容忽视.     

人才供应链培养模式下高职个人投资、收益与风险防范研究

在人才供应链下培养模式下，作为“原材料”的高中生越来越重视高职教育的投资与收益问题，本文通过分析高职教育个人投资与收益，从个人、高职院校、企业和政府四个方面提出了防范高职教育的个人投资风险。     

汉简所见西汉优抚措施

西汉的优抚措施建立在军功爵制基础上,面向全体官兵;在论功行赏的原则下,对现役军人及其家属的优抚,主要包括在给立功将士的赏赐中。政府礼葬死亡将士,抚恤其家属。戍边军人家属受到优待,有可靠充足的生活保障。西汉军功爵制有严格的等级界限,优抚措施也体现出显著的等级差别,反映了西汉社会的等级性特征。     

The ratification of ILO Conventions and the provision of unemployment benefits: An empirical analysis

This article tests the relationship between the ratification of International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions and the provision of unemployment benefits. Statistical tests focus on two related issues: why countries ratify ILO Conventions on unemployment benefits, and whether ratification influences government spending on unemployment benefits. The main findings are that democracy, region, income, and globalization are the main factors influencing why countries ratify ILO Conventions on unemployment benefits. In turn, the ratification of ILO Conventions is systematically associated with higher spending if countries have ratified more than two Conventions.     

"三个代表"思想的伦理意蕴

"三个代表"思想蕴含着丰富的伦理意蕴,本文从三个方面作了初步的探讨.人民利益至上是"三个代表"思想的核心,充分体现了全心全意为人民服务这一社会主义的道德核心.同时,"三个代表"思想也蕴含着在当前必须坚持"生产力标准"和"人民利益标准"相结合的道德评价标准与必须加强社会主义思想道德建设的伦理内涵.     

Chemical and Radiation Environmental Risk Management: Differences, Commonalities, and Challenges

Driven by differing statutory mandates and programmatic separation of regulatory responsibilities between federal, state, and tribal agencies, distinct chemical and radiation risk management strategies have evolved. In the field this separation poses real challenges since many of the major environmental risk management decisions we face today require the evaluation of both types of risks. Over the last decade, federal, state, and tribal agencies have continued to discuss their different approaches and explore areas where their activities could be harmonized. The current framework for managing public exposures to chemical carcinogens has been referred to as a "bottom up approach." Risk between 10(-4) and 10(-6) is established as an upper bound goal. In contrast, a "top down" approach that sets an upper bound dose limit and couples with site specific As Low As Reasonably Achievable Principle (ALARA), is in place to manage individual exposure to radiation. While radiation risk are typically managed on a cumulative basis, exposure to chemicals is generally managed on a chemical-by-chemical, medium-by-medium basis. There are also differences in the nature and size of sites where chemical and radiation contamination is found. Such differences result in divergent management concerns. In spite of these differences, there are several common and practical concerns among radiation and chemical risk managers. They include 1) the issue of cost for site redevelopment and long-term stewardship, 2) public acceptance and involvement, and 3) the need for flexible risk management framework to address the first two issues. This article attempts to synthesize key differences, opportunities for harmonization, and challenges ahead.     

民族文化心理的诗意传达——论南永前的图腾诗

中国当代朝鲜族诗人南永前的图腾诗以民族图腾诗这种文化原型为表现对象,传达的是整个民族的集体无意识心理。诗人借助图腾意象展现了民族文化心理的丰富内涵,使得历史与现实交汇、审美与人生同构,进而完成了对民族之魂的重铸。     

垄断的资源配置效应分析

首先论述了对垄断持否定和批评态度的一些传统理论,由于传统的各种理论大都基于严格的假设条件,在现实中难以具备,据此推导出来的垄断结构下的厂商产量较低,价格较高,"消费者剩余"减少以及无谓损失等一系列生产效率低下的观点是难以成立的。进而从规模经济机制、外部效益、技术创新等角度提出垄断拥有竞争所不具有的优点,能够实现资源配置的高效率,提高国际竞争力,揭示了现代市场经济的运行和发展是竞争和垄断两股力量共同推动的。     

邓小平人民利益观的特色

邓小平在革命和建设的历史实践中,致力于构建和倡导以人民利益为本位的社会价值观。他继承和发展了毛泽东的人民利益观,并赋予它以时代特点。无论是他提出的发展生产力,还是改革开放政策,社会主义本质论;无论是"三个有利于"标准,还是发扬社会主义民主、端正党风建设等等,都是从人民的根本利益出发,体现着人民在经济、政治与文化各方面的要求。从而形成了具有可操作性、更注重实效性、注重人民功利为特点的人民利益观。