利他倾向、有限理性与农民绿色农业技术采纳行为

农业面源污染问题广受关注,绿色农业技术推广迫在眉睫,但农民却行动迟缓,这是否说明农民重私利而无公德？利用冀鲁皖鄂四省1 372份农村入户调查数据,通过理论推演和实证检验,从利他倾向和有限理性视角考察了农民秸秆还田技术采纳行为。结果发现：除自利动机外,农民同时具有利他倾向,对具有生态福利属性的绿色农业技术有着良好的潜在认同与需求;但囿于认知不完全、外部环境不确定所引致的有限理性问题,农民在绿色技术面前往往表现为迟疑甚至退缩;秸秆还田的机械化、亲环境和劳动替代属性使得兼业、收入、经营规模和价值认知等成为影响农民采纳的显著因素。据此,强化农民认知的同时,将公共道德塑造融入乡村问题治理之中,不失为经济和制度手段以外推进农业绿色化转型的有效选择和有益补充。     

双重理性视阈下近代中国嬗变轨迹与逻辑理路

工具理性和价值理性的辩证关系,以“格物”“致知”等形式生根于中国传统文化之中,“格物”可理解为追求工具理性的昌明,“致知”可理解为促使价值理性进入澄明状态。到近代,仁人志士们发起的救亡图存运动中,他们对工具理性和价值理性的辩证关系多有误读甚至忽略,致使相关变革不够彻底或是失败。基于此,通过深度剖析工具理性和价值理性的辩证逻辑,在深刻总结近代中国发展过程中4个典型历史事件基础上,运用历史分析法、逻辑归纳法、分析比较法等,揭示了近代中国走向进步的嬗变轨迹与逻辑理路。研究认为,这一理想化的逻辑理路可作如下表述:一方面,通过工具理性的“格物”,人们可以发现“致良知”和“致真知”等四大领域的价值理性;另一方面,四大领域的价值理性一旦进入澄明状态,又能够驱动社会发展的“六驾马车”向前发展。对照上述逻辑理路,洋务运动遭遇了双重“水土不服”,仅仅推动了社会发展的“半架马车”;戊戌变法和辛亥革命遭遇另外两种“水土不服”,是“无根”的事业。相比之下,陈独秀发起了新文化运动,请出“赛先生”和“德先生”,在重拾传统智慧的基础上,为中国社会进步开启了新的一页。     

Asymptotically minimax non–parametric function estimation with positivity constraints I

The spatially inhomogeneous smoothness of the non-parametric density or regression-function to be estimated by non-parametric methods is often modelled by Besov- and Triebel-type smoothness constraints. For such problems, Donoho and Johnstone [D.L. Donoho and I.M. Johnstone, Minimax estimation via wavelet shrinkage. Ann. Stat. 26 (1998), pp. 879–921.], Delyon and Juditsky [B. Delyon and A. Juditsky, On minimax wavelet estimators, Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 3 (1996), pp. 215–228.] studied minimax rates of convergence for wavelet estimators with thresholding, while Lepski et al. [O.V. Lepski, E. Mammen, and V.G. Spokoiny, Optimal spatial adaptation to inhomogeneous smoothness: an approach based on kernel estimators with variable bandwidth selectors, Ann. Stat. 25 (1997), pp. 929–947.] proposed a variable bandwidth selection for kernel estimators that achieved optimal rates over Besov classes. However, a second challenge in many real applications of non-parametric curve estimation is that the function must be positive. Here, we show how to construct estimators under positivity constraints that satisfy these constraints and also achieve minimax rates over the appropriate smoothness class.     

On the recoding of continuous and bounded indexes to a binomial form: an application to quality-of-life scores

The statistical analysis of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as endpoints has shown to be of great practical relevance. The resulting scores or indexes from the questionnaires used to measure PROs could be treated as continuous or ordinal. The goal of this study is to propose and evaluate a recoding process of the scores, so that they can be treated as binomial outcomes and, therefore, analyzed using logistic regression with random effects. The general methodology of recoding is based on the observable values of the scores. In order to obtain an optimal recoding, the evaluation of the recoding method is tested for different values of the parameters of the binomial distribution and different probability distributions of the random effects. We illustrate, evaluate and validate the proposed method of recoding with the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Survey and real data. The optimal recoding approach is very useful and flexible. Moreover, it has a natural interpretation, not only for ordinal scores, but also for questionnaires with many dimensions and different profiles, where a common method of analysis is desired, such as the SF-36.     

Asymptotic properties of a rank estimate in linear regression with symmetric non-identically distributed errors

In this article, a simple linear regression model with independent and symmetric but non-identically distributed errors is considered. Asymptotic properties of the rank regression estimate defined in Jaeckel [Estimating regression coefficients by minimizing the dispersion of the residuals, Ann. Math. Statist. 43 (1972), pp. 1449–1458] are studied. We show that the studied estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. The cases of bounded and unbounded score functions are examined separately. The regularity conditions of the article are exemplified for finite mixture distributions.     

论强纲领中的因果性模型问题

布鲁尔强纲领中所反对的目的论模型来源于巴恩斯提出的目的论模式，他们都拒绝将科学的发展看作真理进化过程，认为作为一种信念的科学知识应当纳入知识社会学的研究领域。布鲁尔进一步提出了与目的论模型相对立的因果性模型，并构建出科学知识社会学应当遵守的四条“强纲领”，力图促使知识社会学成为一门普遍性的学科。布鲁尔声称强纲领的因果性模型与目的论模型是两种相互排斥的形而上学立场，但实际上因果性模型与目的论模型并不完全排斥，甚至还有所交融；同时，他关于因果性模型的论证与辩护也存在诸多问题，是一种不彻底的“强纲领”。     

继承与创新：沃尔兹新现实主义理论定位再探讨

肯尼思·沃尔兹的新现实主义是国际政治研究的里程碑,但学界对这一里程碑含义的理解可能存在偏差。这一理论不是国际政治研究科学化的起点,而是对古典现实主义核心论点的历史性再诠释。沃尔兹和其他古典现实主义者一样认为人的理性能力存在限度,相信实力对比是进行利益划分的客观依据,劝告政治家遵行责任伦理。古典现实主义者与沃尔兹之间的差异并没有想象的大,古典现实主义者也强调安全,他们发现国际政治中存在着安全困境,追求过多权力会导致不安全,国家追求权力应适可而止。古典现实主义者还发现世界政治中因果关系非常复杂,事件的结果绝少和当事者的动机一致,“事与愿违”是政治中的常态,这与沃尔兹强调的“系统效应”相似。新古典现实主义者试图将沃尔兹的理论进一步科学化,他们希望结合结构变量与单元变量,提出更科学的理论解释、预测国家的行为,这不仅误解了沃尔兹,也背离了现实主义传统。     

生育政策调整目标实现的困境及破解--基于女性个体发展视角的分析

女性的生育行为是我国生育政策调整的落脚点,然而单纯的生育政策调整并不能对当前女性生育行为产生实质性影响。独生子女时代形塑的生育价值观念、工业经济催生的工具主义生育理性,有效地抵消了生育政策调整的预期效果。社会主义市场经济条件下,深度参与劳动力市场的女性更重视个体发展和个人价值的实现,个人与社会的关系得到强化,而与家庭的关系趋于弱化,然而生育行为易导致其个人发展陷入困境。由此,生育政策调整若要实现预期目标,需要补偿女性因生育行为所产生的损失,从社会政策体系方面构建有利于女性生育的环境,否则只是单纯地放宽生育子女数量和适度延长产假,无法激励女性生育,更无法改变女性生育于自身个体发展方面的不利现状。     

Bounds to Memory Loss

If we express our knowledge in sentences, we will find that these sentences are linked in complex patterns governed by our observations and our inferences from these observations. These inferences are to a large extent driven by logical rules. We ask whether the structure logic imposes on our knowledge restricts what we forget and what we remember. The model is a two period S5 logic. In this logic, we propose a memory loss operator: the agent forgets a sentence pif and only if he knows pat time 1 and he does not know pat time 2. Equipped with the operator, we prove theorems on the relation between knowledge and memory loss. The main results point to classes of formulas that an agent cannot forget, and classes of formulas he must forget. A desirable feature is that most results hold in the S4 logic. The results illustrate bounds to memory loss, and thus to bounded rationality. We apply the model to single-agent conventions: conventions made between an agent and himself.     

试论行政合理性原则对行政自由裁量权的控制

行政合理性原则主要审查行政自由裁量权在法定幅度范围之内行使得是否合理适当,为法定权限范围内行政自由裁量权的控制提供了依据。本文着重论述了行政合理性原则的功能、对行政自由裁量权控制的具体要求及主要形式构成,特别论述了行政合理性原则在实现权力对权力的合理控制中的重要作用。