英国撒切尔政府宏观经济政策的实践与特点

撒切尔政府时期（1979-1990）的宏观经济政策放弃了传统的凯恩斯主义的＂需求管理＂,转而采取以货币主义为主的＂供应管理＂,治理通货膨胀代替充分就业成为英国宏观经济政策的主要目标。其宏观经济政策在实践过程中可以分成四个阶段：第一阶段（1979-1981）：严厉的货币主义与经济衰退;第二阶段（1982-1985）：实用主义与经济复苏;第三阶段（1986-1988）：＂劳森繁荣＂与汇率和货币政策的矛盾;第四阶段（1988-1990）：衰退和劳森的辞职。其宏观经济政策实践过程中表现出三个特点：与＂需求管理＂相比,撒切尔时期宏观经济政策的地位下降了;反通货膨胀的宏观经济政策目标贯穿整个撒切尔政府时期,这体现了撒切尔夫人重新划定国家活动疆界、信奉新自由主义经济学的政治经济理念;撒切尔政府也是在探索中推行其宏观经济政策的。     

协调多零售商横向转载的收益共享契约

本文研究了协调多零售商横向转载的收益共享契约。该契约包含批发价格和收益共享比例两个参数,由独立于零售商的第三方转载公司制定并实施。在建立多零售商转载博弈模型的基础上,给出了该契约协调零售商转载的充分必要条件;然后以包含两个零售商的转载系统为例,分别给出了协调情形下转载价格和收益共享比例需满足的条件及其解析表达形式,并设计了一类启发式算法来计算零售商的最优订货量、转载价格和期望利润。最后,通过一个算例对文中的相关研究结论进行了验证,并就相关参数对零售商期望收益的影响进行了分析。研究发现,收益共享是对称性零售商的占优选择;非对称情形下,较高的转载成本将导致协调情形下零售商的期望利润降低;较高的产品残值将要求选择较低的转载价格,确保协调契约对于零售商期望利润的帕累托改进;当产品的边际价值较高时,提高转载价格可改善零售商的期望利润;另外,灵敏度分析显示契约参数将显著影响非对称性零售商的期望利润。     

黑洞热力学研究的历史及现状

以黑洞热力学建立和热辐射研究为主线,简述了黑洞物理学研究中物理思想的发展轨迹。概括论述了该领域研究前沿和最新研究动态。     

An integrative approach to assess environmental and economic sustainability in multi-tier supply chains

Abstract

Multi-tier supply chain sustainability is paramount to achieve corporate sustainability, due to the significant impacts from organisations beyond the focal firm boundaries and its direct suppliers. However, including environmental considerations within the dominant profit-centric logic of supply chain related decisions is prone to generate sustainability tensions. This work aims to support organisations address tensions between sustainability dimensions by adopting an integrative approach for sustainable supply chain management performance assessment thanks to an innovative eco-intensity based performance assessment method, which achieves a balanced consideration of environmental and economic performance in a weak sustainability perspective. The method, using primary data sourced from actual practice and featuring an indirect multi-tier approach with decentralised responsibilities across organisations, is applied to a case study of a machinery supply chain. The proposed integrative approach can support addressing sustainability tensions in the area of sustainable supply chain management, facilitate sustainable supplier evaluation and identify supply chain hotspots for operational improvement.     

三维交易模式下企业协同低碳减排研究

低碳经济下企业的运作模式已由传统的资源-产品二维交易演化为资源-产品-碳排放权的三维交易模式，因此对三维交易模式下企业协同减排的研究变的越来越重要。本文利用Stackelberg博弈理论探讨了销售商驱动情景下低碳再制造闭环供应链分散决策模型、集中决策模型、合作减排模型的运作规律，分析研究了低碳产品市场和废旧产品市场中低碳产品销售价、交易价格、低碳废旧产品回收价格等重要变量和节点企业期望效用及整个链条期望效用的变化规律。并通过数值算例与灵敏度分析，分别对三种博弈关系下低碳产品的碳排放量、消费者的敏感系数、碳交易价格的变动带来的销售商和制造商的期望效用及销售价、批发价带来的影响进行了分析。研究显示：与非低碳化相比，低碳化下制造商和销售商的期望效用均提高；风险规避程度、碳排放交易价格、碳排放量及消费者对低碳产品的敏感系数的提高均降低了期望效用，同时市场占有率随之减少。研究验证了低碳再制造闭环供应链模型的有效性及实用性，彰显了模型的经济与管理启示。     

需求扰动下供应链反向保理的鲁棒决策

反向保理运用买方信誉缓解中小供应商资金困境，现实中需求扰动时有发生并影响供应链决策。探讨供应商资金约束背景下"买方驱动"反向保理对供应链运营的作用规律，运用极大极小法构建单供应商和单零售商组成的二级供应链模型，得到只知均值和方差时的供应链决策和收益。研究表明：鲁棒决策能为反向保理时需求信息缺失的供应链提供有效而稳健的决策，降低信用违约风险；基于供应链关系的反向保理增强了供应链合作；供应商信誉损失风险不会成为零售商主导反向保理实施的阻碍。丰富了金融与运营交互作用的理论研究。     

考虑保鲜努力与增值服务的生鲜电商供应链最优决策与协调

针对一个生鲜电商与一个生鲜供应商组成的供应链，其中生鲜电商负责销售农产品并提供增值服务，而生鲜供应商负责农产品的保鲜配送。考虑保鲜努力与服务水平均会影响生鲜农产品的市场需求，通过构建集中式与分散式下的生鲜电商供应链决策模型，分析了新鲜度需求弹性、服务需求弹性等因素对最优决策的影响，并对比分析了分散式与集中式决策下的最优决策。在此基础上，设计了"收益共享-双向成本分担"契约，通过合理设计契约参数实现了生鲜电商供应链的完美协调与帕累托改进。最后，进一步深入分析了供应链在协调前后的最优决策变化，并用数值算例进行了考察与验证。研究发现：供应链在协调后必然会提高产品新鲜度与服务水平，但可能会导致更低或更高的生鲜农产品销售价格。当新鲜度需求弹性与服务需求弹性较低时，生鲜电商在协调后会制定相对更低的产品价格，实施"优质低价"策略；而在新鲜度需求弹性或服务需求弹性高于某一水平时，生鲜电商在协调后会制定相对更高的产品价格，实施"优质优价"策略。     

Increases in Female Labour Force Participation in Europe: Similarities and Differences

Low educational levels and the effect of children are recognized as the most important factors for low female participation rates. Over the last decades female labour supply in Europe has shown a large increase. This may be related to changes in the level of education or fertility. It is also possible that it is due to changes in behaviour, as influenced by the social and institutional context. Our results show that increases in the participation rates cannot be explained by changes in either educational level nor in the number and timing of children. Female labour supply increases at all educational levels for women with and without children. In other words, it is mainly changes in behaviour that drive the increase in participation rates over the last decades.     

Labor Supply by Farm Operators Under “Decoupled” Farm Program Payments

As part of 1996 legislation, the U.S. began paying farmers production flexibility contract payments designed to be somewhat decoupled from current production decisions. In the labor-leisure model, decoupled payments would be expected to only have a wealth effect, but coupled payments would be expected to have both a substitution and a wealth effect. In this paper, the impacts of the decoupled payments and other government payments on both farm and off-farm labor allocations for farm operators are considered using data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS). Results indicate that government payments tend to increase the hours operators work on their farm and decrease the hours they work off the farm. This is true whether the payments come from programs which tie payments to current year production, or not.JEL Classification: D13, J22, Q12, Q22The authors are agricultural economists with the Economic Research Service (USDA). The views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

扁管散热水箱最佳管内水流量的探讨

对轿车散热水箱中圆、扁两种形状的管子进行了热性能试验并取得数据,在传热,风阻和水阻的综合特性上作了比较,评价管子形状对传热和功耗的影响,得出扁管散热水箱的最佳管内水流量为１．１４ｋｇ／ｓ,此时水阻为４８６４５Ｐａ。指出选用扁管作为散热管,既具有强化传热的优点,又可降低管内水流量。