The product cycle model of foreign direct investment and developing country welfare

Raymond Vernon's product-cycle model predicts two distinctive kinds of foreign direct investment in developing countries: fist, subsidiaries whose operations are tightly integrated into the parent's strategy to advance its competitive position in international markets; second, subsidiaries toward the host market whose profits help fund the needs of the parent but whose output is not an integral part of the parent's global sourcing network. In practice, the latter are frequently subject to domestic content, joint venture, and technology-sharing requirements; the former almost never are. How do the two kinds of foreign direct investment differ in their impact on host country development? Somewhat surprisingly, to those who may be wary of what Vernon himself reffered to as “captive” plants, foreign investor operations intimately linked into the parent's global sourcing network make a systematically larger and more dynamic contribution to the host economy via the activities of the affiliates themselves, via backward linkages to local suppliers, and via spillovers and externalities. Foreign investor operations impeded from close integration via domestic content, joint venture, and technology-sharing requirement provide a much less positive and sometimes genuinely negative impact, especially if they are protected by trade barriers or other forms of market exclusivity.     

制造系统生产单元碳排放核算模型

制造业是我国国民经济的支柱产业,但也是环境污染物排放的主要来源、能源消耗主体和温室气体排放大户。制造系统高能耗、高物耗、高碳排放的加工过程是造成制造业碳排放量大的重要原因。生产单元作为制造系统的加工的主体,其碳排放量的核算是确定整个制造系统乃至制造业碳排放总量的关键。本文首先对生产单元的原材料、电能、辅助物料及废屑处理所引起的碳排放进行分析,确定生产单元的碳排放源;其次,产品合格率的不同会造成生产单元输入及输出的成品/半成品数量的差异,进而影响生产单元单位产品的碳排放量,在此基础上,综合考虑了原材料、电能、辅助物料及废屑处理的碳排放情况,构建了给定工艺流程下生产单元碳排放核算模型。最后,结合一汽车排气装置加工实例,分别核算加工过程中九个生产单元的碳排放量,验证了模型的可行性。     

二氧化碳强度减排目标下我国产业结构优化的驱动力研究

本文基于产业结构调整具有内生性特征和终端消费随居民收入水平提高具有规律性变化两个基本理念,通过对先进经济体发展经验的实证分析和对我国经济投入-产出结构的分析,量化分析了消费规模及其结构对我国产业结构变化的效果;预测了纯消费拉动下我国未来产业结构演进的特征与二氧化碳强度的发展趋势.研究结果表明:(1)消费规模的扩大与消费结构的升级将是未来我国产业结构优化的主要驱动力之一;(2)为完成碳强度减排目标,必须通过能源需求侧管理项目的实施,引导人们向"低能耗、低排放"的消费模式转变.     

Supply chain configuration for diffusion of new products: An integrated optimization approach

We develop an integrated/hybrid optimization model for configuring new products’ supply chains while explicitly considering the impact of demand dynamics during new products’ diffusion. The hybrid model simultaneously determines optimal production/sales plan and supply chain configuration. The production and sales plan provides decisions on the optimal timing to launch a new product, as well as the production and sales quantity in each planning period. The supply chain configuration provides optimal selection of options and safety stock level kept at each supply chain function. Extensive computational experiments on randomly generated testbed problems indicate that the hybrid modeling and solution approach significantly outperforms non-hybrid alternative modeling and solution approaches under various diffusion and supply chain topologies. We provide insights on optimal production/sales plan and supply chain configuration for new products during their diffusion process. Also, managerial implications relevant to effectiveness of the hybrid approach are discussed.     

自动生产线的同步维修模型及实例研究

自动生产线故障停机时间长、停机费用高,其原因在于:设备种类多且相关联,存在各设备协同维修的难题。首先,寻求生产线故障时间和检查时间之间的平衡点,建立检查周期与总停机时间之间关系的目标函数。其次,借鉴同步维修的"对故障隐患集中式批处理,减少分散维修的停机时间"思想,以及时间延迟维修理论,建立生产线的同步维修模型,该模型利用生产线每天停机次数、每次停机时间及检查时发现的缺陷数,计算出合理的生产线检查周期,并以此为依据制定维修计划,实现"提高维修批量,减少生产线停机时间"的目标。最后,实例研究。收集某生产线近十年的故障记录数据,在分析生产流程、设备布局、各设备停机影响的基础上,提出对策指导生产线维修管理。     

自然科学知识的积累对电子元器件产业发展的影响

假设研究活动存在与产品生命周期中的市场扩大现象相似的活跃化现象,按照时间序列对电子元器件领域的评审论文篇数和注册专利件数的增减情况进行了分析。由分析结果可知:在市场真正产生前,评审论文篇数和注册专利件数剧增;同时,在这些剧增的论文和专利中,有很多研究给商品化和商业化带来了巨大影响。这些与商品化和商业化有关的信息,不仅包括对产品制造业有用的信息,而且还包括对支撑产品制造业的设备产业同样有用的信息。因此,将本分析法作为考量新事业进入机会的客观方法推荐给大家。     

A study on cyclic bandwidth sum

Suppose G is a graph of p vertices. A proper labeling f of G is a one-to-one mapping f:V(G)→{1,2,…,p}. The cyclic bandwidth sum of G with respect to f is defined by CBS _f (G)=∑ _uv∈E(G)|f(v)−f(u)| _p , where |x| _p =min {|x|,p−|x|}. The cyclic bandwidth sum of G is defined by CBS(G)=min {CBS _f (G): f is a proper labeling of G}. The bandwidth sum of G with respect to f is defined by BS _f (G)=∑ _uv∈E(G)|f(v)−f(u)|. The bandwidth sum of G is defined by BS(G)=min {BS _f (G): f is a proper labeling of G}. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for BS(G)=CBS(G), and use this to show that BS(T)=CBS(T) when T is a tree. We also find cyclic bandwidth sums of complete bipartite graphs. Dedicated to Professor Frank K. Hwang on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Supported in part by the National Science Council under grants NSC91-2115-M-156-001.     

基于知识生命周期的企业知识流模型

在知识经济时代,知识管理已被公认是提高企业竞争力的重要手段。本文通过对企业知识生命周期各阶段的各种知识运动形式进行分析,建立了贯穿企业知识生命周期全程的由10种知识流组成的企业知识流模型,提出了基于知识流的企业知识管理目标是采取适当措施促进增值知识流、抑制减值知识流,使企业从知识资源中获取最大价值的观点。然后利用该模型对一著名公司的知识管理案例进行了分析。     

On Inverse Problems of Optimum Perfect Matching

As far as we know, for most polynomially solvable network optimization problems, their inverse problems under l ₁ or l norm have been studied, except the inverse maximum-weight matching problem in non-bipartite networks. In this paper we discuss the inverse problem of maximum-weight perfect matching in a non-bipartite network under l ₁ and l norms. It has been proved that the inverse maximum-weight perfect matching under l norm can be formulated as a maximum-mean alternating cycle problem of an undirected network, and can be solved in polynomial time by a binary search algorithm and in strongly polynomial time by an ascending algorithm, and under l ₁ norm it can be solved by the ellipsoid method. Therefore, inverse problems of maximum-weight perfect matching under l ₁ and l norms are solvable in polynomial time.     

Risk–risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional,technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways

Deliberations are underway to utilize increasingly radical technological options to help address climate change and stabilize the climatic system. Collectively, these options are often referred to as “climate geoengineering.” Deployment of such options, however, can create wicked tradeoffs in governance and require adaptive forms of risk management. In this study, we utilize a large and novel set of qualitative expert interview data to more deeply and systematically explore the types of risk–risk tradeoffs that may emerge from the use of 20 different climate geoengineering options, 10 that focus on carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas removal, and 10 that focus on solar radiation management and reflecting sunlight. We specifically consider: What risks does the deployment of these options entail? What types of tradeoffs may emerge through their deployment? We apply a framework that clusters risk–risk tradeoffs into institutional and governance, technological and environmental, and behavioral and temporal dimensions. In doing so, we offer a more complete inventory of risk–risk tradeoffs than those currently available within the respective risk-assessment, energy-systems, and climate-change literatures, and we also point the way toward future research gaps concerning policy, deployment, and risk management.