Some new results on univariate and multivariate permutation tests for ordinal categorical variables under restricted alternatives

In several sciences, especially when dealing with performance evaluation, complex testing problems may arise due in particular to the presence of multidimensional categorical data. In such cases the application of nonparametric methods can represent a reasonable approach. In this paper, we consider the problem of testing whether a “treatment” is stochastically larger than a “control” when univariate and multivariate ordinal categorical data are present. We propose a solution based on the nonparametric combination of dependent permutation tests (Pesarin in Multivariate permutation test with application to biostatistics. Wiley, Chichester, 2001), on variable transformation, and on tests on moments. The solution requires the transformation of categorical response variables into numeric variables and the breaking up of the original problem’s hypotheses into partial sub-hypotheses regarding the moments of the transformed variables. This type of problem is considered to be almost impossible to analyze within likelihood ratio tests, especially in the multivariate case (Wang in J Am Stat Assoc 91:1676–1683, 1996). A comparative simulation study is also presented along with an application example.     

Children's and Adolescents' Decisions about Sharing Money with Others

Two hundred and ninety-four participants aged between 7 and 17 years of age were asked to share out money between themselves and another, imaginary group. Individual responses were recorded as well as responses after discussion in a group with two other participants. The distribution task took place in two different experimental conditions that either gave participants a free choice about how much to offer to the other group or involved making a strategic offer to avoid the other group rejecting an offer and losing all the money. From 10 years of age onwards, when allowed to choose freely how much to share, boys made progressively less generous offers than girls whereas girls' offers remained the same with age. However, when inter-group strategic constraints were present, there were few gender differences from 10 years of age. The order in which games were presented was a powerful influence on the offers that participants made.     

The Multivariate Randomized Complete Block Design: A Novel Permutation Solution in Case of Ordered Categorical Variables

In this article, multivariate extensions of the combination-based test statistics for the comparison of several treatments in the multivariate Randomized Complete Block designs are introduced in case of categorical response variables. Several tests for the multivariate Randomized Complete Block designs, including MANOVA procedure, are compared with the method proposed via a Monte Carlo simulation study. The method has also been applied to a real case study in the field of sensorial testing studies. Results suggest that in each experimental situation where normality of the supposed underlying continuous model is hard to justify and especially when errors have heavy-tailed distributions, the proposed nonparametric procedure can be considered as a valid solution.     

A score test for monotonic trend in hazard rates for grouped survival data in stratified populations

Models for monotone trends in hazard rates for grouped survival data in stratified populations are introduced, and simple closed form score statistics for testing the significance of these trends are presented. The test statistics for some of the models understudy are shown to be independent of the assumed form of the function which relates the hazard rates to the sets of monotone scores assigned to the time intervals. The procedure is applied to test monotone trends in the recovery rates of erythematous response among skin cancer patients and controls that have been irradiated with a ultraviolent challenge.     

判决理由的正当性证明与法律推理

在司法实践中，判决的正当性来源于判决理由的正当性，判决理由的正当性则与法律推理密切相关。实践证明运用法律推理进行说理，将法官判决的整个过程充分呈现，可以获得判决理由的正当性证明。借助于法律推理方法实现判决理由的正当性证明是可行的，也是必要的。判决理由的正当性证明就是法律推理形式上与实质上的合法性与合理性证明，是法律推理前提和结论形成过程的推导证明。通过法律推理对判决理由进行正当性证明，可以增强判决文书的说服力，有助于判决目的的最终实现。     

汤一介与新时期的中国哲学建设

新时期的中国哲学经历了拨乱反正、百废待举的艰难时段,也经过了各种新思潮纷至沓来、中西文化互竞优长、理论创造空前繁荣的大好时光,在中国哲学史界的一系列问题探索和热点关注中,我们都能够看到汤一介先生不知疲倦的身影。他通过魏晋玄学和早期道教的研究来探求新的方法,也试图以范畴研究的系统化来创建新的范式,对儒学的深刻反省和中国解释学的构想,更是把当代的中国哲学研究推向了一个新的高度。     

An Evidential Reasoning‐Based CREAM to Human Reliability Analysis in Maritime Accident Process

This article proposes a modified cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) for estimating the human error probability in the maritime accident process on the basis of an evidential reasoning approach. This modified CREAM is developed to precisely quantify the linguistic variables of the common performance conditions and to overcome the problem of ignoring the uncertainty caused by incomplete information in the existing CREAM models. Moreover, this article views maritime accident development from the sequential perspective, where a scenario‐ and barrier‐based framework is proposed to describe the maritime accident process. This evidential reasoning‐based CREAM approach together with the proposed accident development framework are applied to human reliability analysis of a ship capsizing accident. It will facilitate subjective human reliability analysis in different engineering systems where uncertainty exists in practice.     

法律中实践推理的内涵及其运行

实践推理是法律推理方法的综合指标 ,也是认识和完善法律推理的重大课题 ,具有实践性、逻辑性和方法论等特质。法律领域中的实践推理以法哲学和法律社会学为理论基础 ,以对规范的分析和判断为推理客体 ,以权利义务为思维方式的焦点 ,以体系化、安全性为评判标准。实践推理的适用对象、构成要素和运行过程是在逻辑推理和经验的基础上的理性选择的三个方面 ,实践推理的基本范式体现为法官直觉、知识背景、逻辑结构和思维等四个部分。实践推理运行从观念中的目的开始 ,经过主体的法律思维活动 ,最终达到理想的判决结论 ,以此达到控制法官恣意的理性目的     

A comparison of tests of homogeneity for sparse contingency tables

Five tests of homogeneity for a 2x(k+l) contingency table are compared using Monte Carlo techniques. For these studiesit is assumed that k becomes large in such a way that thecontingency table is sparse for 2xk of the cells, but the sample size in two of the cells remains large. The test statistics studied are: the chi-square approximation to the Pearson test statistic, the chi-square approximation to the likelihood ratio statistic, the normal approximation to Zelterman's (1984)the normal approximation to Pearson's chi-square, and the normal approximation to the likelihood ratio statistic. For the range of parameters studied the chi-square approximation to Pearson's statistic performs consistently well with regard to its size and power.     

Partitioning chi-squape in contingency tables: A teaching approach

A representation of sums and differences of the form 2n log n, the lnn function, is introduced to express likelihood-ratio chi-square test statistics in contingency table analysis. This is a concise explicit form to display when partitioning chi-square statistics in accordance with hierarchical models. The lnn representation gives students insights into the construction of test statistics, and assists in relating identical forms under differing model sets. Hierarchies are presented for independence and equi-probability in two-way tables, for symmetry in correlated square tables, for independence-and-homogeneity of two-way responses across levels of a factor, and for mutual independence in three-way tables, along with relevant partitions of chi-square.