A general class of hierarchical ordinal regression models with applications to correlated roc analysis

The authors discuss a general class of hierarchical ordinal regression models that includes both location and scale parameters, allows link functions to be selected adaptively as finite mixtures of normal cumulative distribution functions, and incorporates flexible correlation structures for the latent scale variables. Exploiting the well‐known correspondence between ordinal regression models and parametric ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves makes it possible to use a hierarchical ROC (HROC) analysis to study multilevel clustered data in diagnostic imaging studies. The authors present a Bayesian approach to model fitting using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and discuss HROC applications to the analysis of data from two diagnostic radiology studies involving multiple interpreters.     

Phase-II monitoring and diagnosing of multivariate categorical processes using generalized linear test-based control charts

In this paper, two control charts based on the generalized linear test (GLT) and contingency table are proposed for Phase-II monitoring of multivariate categorical processes. The performances of the proposed methods are compared with the exponentially weighted moving average-generalized likelihood ratio test (EWMA-GLRT) control chart proposed in the literature. The results show the better performance of the proposed control charts under moderate and large shifts. Moreover, a new scheme is proposed to identify the parameter responsible for an out-of-control signal. The performance of the proposed diagnosing procedure is evaluated through some simulation experiments.     

A goodness of fit test for the multilevel proportional odds model

It is essential to test the goodness of fit of the model before making inferences based on it. Multilevel modeling of ordinal categorical responses is not as developed as for continuous responses. Assessing model adequacy in terms of the goodness of fit with ordinal categorical responses is still being developed and no satisfactory tests are available so far. As a consequence of that, this study concentrates on developing such a goodness of fit test for Multilevel Proportional Odds models and to study the properties of the test.     

‘More time for what?’ Exploring intersecting notions of gender,work, age and leisure time among people with cognitive disabilities

This article explores intersecting notions of leisure among middle‐aged people with intellectual disabilities in the setting of the Swedish welfare state. The participants are recipients of long‐term disability services and have experienced the changing ideological frameworks of the welfare effort, which has recently focused on normalisation, inclusion and participation. Structured activities are arranged by disability services in order to normalise living conditions and provide recreation for disabled people. However, the range of activities is constrained by financial resources, by notions of gender and age and by an institutionalised emphasis on the work ethic – leading to constructions of leisure partly as ‘time beside’ where ‘free time’ activities should not interfere with the duties of the working week. The participants' limited resources and their lack of a strong voice limit their ability to demand their legal rights and leave many of them with ‘too much time with too little to do’. Key Practitioner Message: ● A common idea of leisure is the relationship between social and physical activities, well‐being and health; ● People with disabilities, regardless of age, engage in fewer leisure activities than the general population due to a lack of resources; ● Even with legal rights, the lack of a strong voice as well as institutional constraints limit their leisure opportunities.     

Moral conformity in online interactions: rational justifications increase influence of peer opinions on moral judgments

Over the last decade, social media has increasingly been used as a platform for political and moral discourse. We investigate whether conformity, specifically concerning moral attitudes, occurs in these virtual environments apart from face-to-face interactions. Participants took an online survey and saw either statistical information about the frequency of certain responses, as one might see on social media (Study 1), or arguments that defend the responses in either a rational or emotional way (Study 2). Our results show that social information shaped moral judgments, even in an impersonal digital setting. Furthermore, rational arguments were more effective at eliciting conformity than emotional arguments. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of moral judgment that prioritize emotional responses.     

“Should I Trust the Bank or the Social Movement?” Motivated Reasoning and Debtors' Work to Accept Misinformation

How can people believe corporate and state misinformation even if a social movement organization in their community has been countering this misinformation for years? Why do people knowingly accept misinformation without even being upset about it? I address these questions by analyzing ethnographic data and interviews with 84 Chilean low‐income housing debtors, whom, like many Chileans, are victims of financial misinformation. While the state and banks had significant agency in inducing the unproblematic acceptance of misinformation, debtors also played an active role in the processes. First, debtors had to decide whom to trust, which was not only a cognitive problem about evidence but also a behavioral and practical problem involving risks. Second, debtors engaged in “motivated reasoning”—affect‐driven biased information processing—to dismiss the possibility of being misinformed, to downplay the significance of misinformation, and to direct blame away from misinforming institutions. The latter two practices reduced debtors' anger about being misinformed. The findings have implications for studies of social movement framing and counterinformation, for the cognitive psychology of misinformation, and for the sociology and social psychology of acquiescence.     

Joint models for mixed categorical outcomes: a study of HIV risk perception and disease status in Mozambique

Two types of bivariate models for categorical response variables are introduced to deal with special categories such as ‘unsure’ or ‘unknown’ in combination with other ordinal categories, while taking additional hierarchical data structures into account. The latter is achieved by the use of different covariance structures for a trivariate random effect. The models are applied to data from the INSIDA survey, where interest goes to the effect of covariates on the association between HIV risk perception (quadrinomial with an ‘unknown risk’ category) and HIV infection status (binary). The final model combines continuation-ratio with cumulative link logits for the risk perception, together with partly correlated and partly shared trivariate random effects for the household level. The results indicate that only age has a significant effect on the association between HIV risk perception and infection status. The proposed models may be useful in various fields of application such as social and biomedical sciences, epidemiology and public health.     

Studying the dependence between ordinal-nominal categorical variables via orthogonal polynomials

In situations where the structure of one of the variables of a contingency table is ordered recent theory involving the augmentation of singular vectors and orthogonal polynomials has shown to be applicable for performing symmetric and non-symmetric correspondence analysis. Such an approach has the advantage of allowing the user to identify the source of variation between the categories in terms of components that reflect linear, quadratic and higher-order trends. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the study of two asymmetrically related variables cross-classified to form a two-way contingency table where only one of the variables has an ordinal structure.     

浅谈《战国策》的论理技巧与语言艺术

《战国策》为文铺排渲染,辩丽恣肆,陈说事理纵横捭阖,体情状物酣畅淋漓,堪称先秦史家之文中的出类拔萃之作。在论理技巧方面,《战国策》的文章大都善于分析形势,指陈利害,好设机巧,引人入彀,诱敌就范,进退有据,擒纵自如,具有极强的说服力和感染力。就语言而论,《战国策》之文大都放言无惮,绝少掩饰,文辞铺张扬厉,气势恢宏,且又精炼传神,形象生动,富于华彩,其语言艺术的精熟富丽,也大大超过了先秦其它几部历史散文。