新中国初期党对城市旧式慈善救助社团的解构

新中国成立初期,中国共产党为实现对城市社会组织化调控的需要,展开了对旧式慈善救助社团的改造工作。从1949年到1956年,旧式慈善救助团体经历了由短暂恢复、调整改造到完全消失的过程。旧式慈善救助社团的先天落后性以及其赖以生存的政治思想基础和经济社会空间的丧失,是这些社团走向消亡的主要原因。     

浅论人体器官捐赠行为的法律效力

文章对人体器官捐赠行为的法律性质进行了概述,分析了人体器官捐赠行为生效的要件是完全民事行为能力人、意思表示自愿和真实、不得违反法律或社会公共利益。并试图进一步明确人体器官捐赠行为的法律效力：捐赠人的权利包括自主自愿权、生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权、获取补偿的权利,捐赠人有如实告知自己健康状况的义务;受赠人的权利包括生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权,受赠人有支付医疗费和对供体补偿的义务。     

抗战时期的湖南募捐

抗战时期,湖南人民积极开展募捐活动,慷慨解囊。募捐的主要形式有献机运动、征募寒衣、义卖、献金、出钱劳军等,并表现出形式多样、范围广泛、组织有方、数额巨大等特点。湖南的募捐,鼓舞了抗日将士的士气,有力地支持了全国的抗战。     

综合性大学与医学类院校学生无偿献血的动因比较研究

以南京某综合性大学和某医学院校为例,比较两类学校学生在无偿献血认知、献血参与态度及献血动机方面的差异。通过文献研究、专家咨询及焦点小组评分编制调查问卷。认知差异比较采用卡方检验,态度和动机差异采用t检验。综合性大学学生对无偿献血的认知水平较低。医学类院校学生在献血参与态度方面的得分较高,二者在献血感受上无差异。献血动机方面,医学类院校学生献血的利他性得分较高,在两校暂未献血人群中,医学类院校学生自我效能型和献血奖励型动机得分更高。需加强对综合性大学学生献血知识的普及,根据态度及动机差异采取有针对性的献血宣传及招募。     

Adolescents Conceived through Donor Insemination in Mother‐Headed Families: A Qualitative Study of Motivations and Experiences of Contacting and Meeting Same‐donor Offspring

This study interviewed adolescents conceived using sperm donation to examine their experiences of contacting and meeting ‘same‐donor offspring’ (i.e. donor‐conceived offspring raised in different families who share the same donor), their motivations for this contact, and how they make meaning of these relationships. This in‐depth qualitative study involved semi‐structured interviews with 23 young people aged 12–19 years (mean = 14 years). Interviewees were motivated by curiosity about their biological relations and by wanting to extend their family. Contact with same‐donor offspring was described as being either normal/neutral or as a unique experience that was integrated into their identity. This study highlights the importance of contact between same donor offspring, particularly during adolescence, a developmental stage associated with identity formation. The findings have important policy implications as they suggest that donor‐conceived individuals may benefit from contact with others conceived using the same donor prior to the age of 18 years.     

Righting anachronistic exclusions: The ethics of blood donation by men who have sex with men

ABSTRACT

Recently, the FDA announced that it would soon lift the long-standing lifetime ban on blood donation by men who have sex with men (MSM). Reexamining blood donation by MSM, it is clear that there are several ethical goods that must be balanced. Through balancing the primary duty to safety with the imperatives to craft a policy that is formally equal, upholds the public's trust, and is nondiscriminatory, an ethical blood donation deferral guideline may be advanced, both for MSM and the population at large.     

Exploring the Use of the Stages of Change Model to Increase Organ Donations Among African Americans

Abstract

The success of organ transplants is affected by the degree of antigen match between donor and recipient. With organ transplants among African Americans, finding a good antigen match is difficult. While the consent rate for organ donations among Caucasians is 50%, this rate among African Americans is only 12%. The resulting ratio of donors to “recipients” is 1 to 9 in African Americans. The majority of organs received by African Americans come from Caucasian donors, thereby reducing the probability of an antigen match and increasing the probability of organ rejection. These circumstances could be improved if the organ donation rate eamong African Americans was increased. There is some empirical support for the theory that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages. This paper presents evidence for the construct validity of a stage of change measure suitable for use in designing and evaluating attempts to promote organ donations in the African American community. Use of this measure also permits clinicians to assess how receptive a client will be to organ donation promotional material. Use of this measure offers the possibility of refining approaches to organ donations among African Americans. Increases in the donor rate will result in a larger pool of antigen compatible organs in this subpopulation.     

Knowledge sharing for innovation performance improvement in micro/SMEs: an insight from the creative sector

Abstract

As economies become more reliant on innovative, knowledge-intensive firms, understanding the interaction between knowledge and improving innovation performance is increasingly important. Although most UK businesses are micro, small or medium-sized enterprises (micro/SMEs), knowledge management research has tended to focus on large companies Knowledge sharing can be critical for innovation performance, especially for smaller players with limited resources. Our study presents an insight from micro/SMEs operating in the highly knowledge-intensive and innovative games/entertainment software development sector. Using a mixed method approach, we investigate knowledge sharing and its contribution to firm innovation performance improvements. Our findings suggest that micro/SMEs are at the forefront of the creative sector precisely because of their smaller size. Our study reveals evidence of knowledge donation but limited evidence of knowledge collection in the knowledge sharing process. We develop a model highlighting the importance of industry context, individual knowledge and organizational size in knowledge sharing for innovation performance.     

慈善行为的经济学分析

在将经济学中的"理性人”假设引入慈善理论的基础上,仿效经济学中的消费理论建立了数学模型,分析了慈善行为的影响因素和激励措施,最后根据上述模型分析了我国慈善事业发展中的若干问题.     

公共产品第三部门供给的国内外研究文献综述

针对公共产品第三部门供给行为出现的原因、作用、条件、缺陷及与政府、市场的关系等几方面,专家、学者已进行了一些有益的研究,为进一步研究这一前沿问题提供了理论基础。但是,对于公共产品第三部门供给的研究刚刚起步,已有的研究大多数是从政治学和社会学的角度进行的分析,存在缺乏从经济学的角度分析其供给机制的理论框架等局限性,在公共产品第三部门供给的原因、效果及供给主体治理等方面还有大量有待研究的空间。