Leadership in Voluntary Associations: The Case of the “International Association of Women”

Three models of leadership in voluntary associations have been proposed in the literature: democratic leadership, oligarchy, and leadership by default. Through an intensive case study of leadership structure, differences in the attitudes of members and leaders at three hierarchical levels, and differences between the attitudes and behaviors of aspirants and nonaspirants to leadership in a women's service association, this article examines the degree of fit between these models and a specific organization. Data is drawn from questionnaires, annual reports, and interviews. The results fail to conform to any of the existing models, suggesting instead a fourth model, leadership for self-development—in which leaders are motivated primarily by a desire to develop administrative and interpersonal skills.     

Analysis of ordered categorical data with score averaging: with applications to case-control genetic associations

The trend test is often used for the analysis of 2×K ordered categorical data, in which K pre-specified increasing scores are used. There have been discussions on how to assign these scores and the impact of the outcomes on different scores. The scores are often assigned based on the data-generating model. When this model is unknown, using the trend test is not robust. We discuss the weighted average of a trend test over all scientifically plausible choices of scores or models. This approach is more computationally efficient than a commonly used robust test MAX when K is large. Our discussion is for any ordered 2×K table, but simulation and applications to real data are focused on case-control genetic association studies. Although there is no single test optimal for all choices of scores, our numerical results show that some score averaging tests can achieve the performance of MAX.     

以高校学生专业社团活动为载体加强学风建设

当前，我国高校社团组织作为高校加强学风建设最理想的载体已被高等教育教学相关部门普遍接受。但是，作为高校学习主体的大学生在学风建设方面还存在一些问题。借助学生社团组织这一大学生喜闻乐见的形式，通过构建专业社团，发挥专业社团的育人功能，寓教于乐，切实加强大学生的学风建设，无论从理论上还是实践上都具有十分重要的现实意义。笔者就新形势下如何通过有效途径加强学风建设进行一些有益的探讨。     

吉林省体育社团的组织结构分析

通过问卷调查和数理统计方法,对吉林省20个省级体育社团以及长春市26个体育社团进行调查,从发起成立的方式、负责人情况等方面进行了分析阐述。     

南京国民政府的农会立法研究

中国近代的农会出现于清末,但其作用是有限的。民国时期,南京国民政府也认识到农会的设立对其在农村基层的统治有着重要作用,先后通过颁布修改有关农会方面的支持法规来倡导在全国各地农村建立各级农会组织。但由于没有切实考虑到当时农村的实际,未能从实质上对农村存在的弊端进行改革,因而农会组织在很大程度上被南京国民政府当作基础统治的工具。故南京国民政府的农会立法对推动近代中国农业发展的作用又是有限的,渐出历史舞台也是必然的。     

新加坡潮人教育事业与政治环境的互动——潮人学校转型的观察

现存由潮人社团始创或资助的学校 ,大多经历了两次明显而重要的转型。第一次是从潮人学校转型为深受中国政治因素影响的华侨学校 ,而在二战后由华侨学校逐渐融入当地的教育体系 ,最终转型为新加坡的公立学校。新加坡潮人社团兴学的历程 ,表明了新加坡潮人社团的教育事业与中国、新加坡的政治与社会大环境之间的互动关系 ;新加坡潮人社团随着时代与社会的变迁 ,相应调整其教育事业以更恢宏的姿态主动纳入历史的潮流 ,融入国家社会的建设行列 ,去巩固其传统的地位和加强其现代的价值     

论政府在社会救助中的责任限度

社会救助是政府应该承担的法律责任,而不仅仅是道义责任。政府在社会救助中起主导作用,负主要责任,需承担立法责任、宣传责任等宏观责任,同时也要承担提供社会救助资金,管理社会事务等微观责任。社会互助则是政府救助的必要补充。各级政府要按照社会救助制度的不同特性和发挥所长,优势互补的原则,确定应承担责任的种类。政府责任水平也要进行合理的界定,要与国情相适应,既要防止社会救助水平过低,也要防止救助水平超度,纠正政府在社会救助中的越位、缺位和错位行为。     

19世纪华人“方言社区”的建构与发展——以新加坡“福建人”为例

在"方言社区"的分析架构下,对殖民地时期新加坡"福建人"社区总机构的恒山亭、天福宫和福建会馆继替而兴的历史做出纵向梳理,兼论祖籍文化的社区整合功能。福建人社区组织形态经历了从早期坟山组织、庙宇组织到现代"科层化"会馆组织的历史建构,从传统"文化式"整合向现代"科层化"社会组织的整合方式的变迁,以及体现于华人最大方言社群组织形态上萌芽、发展、成熟的从传统到现代的转型。     

Participation in Bridging and Bonding Associations and Civic Attitudes: Evidence from Flanders

Current scientific research and recent policy initiatives reveal an intense interest in the effect of social capital on a broad range of socioeconomic outcomes both at the individual level (e.g., civic attitudes) and the societal level (e.g., democratic or economic performance). Despite persistent argumentation in this debate that voluntary associations are of crucial importance in this process, empirical research usually reveals but a weak relation between membership and democratic (or civic) attitudes. In this paper, we follow recent arguments that various types of associations may play different roles. Specifically, we empirically distinguish between bridging and bonding associations based on the socioeconomic diversity within an association. Using a dataset on association membership in Flanders, we find empirical support for the view that individuals’ values and attitudes indeed differ across members in (predominantly) bridging or bonding associations.

新型综合性农协的发展路径探析——以山西永济蒲韩乡村社区为例

山西永济蒲韩乡村社区是一个以农民精英为主导的,集经济合作和公共服务为一体的,跨乡镇的新型农民自治组织.该社区组织是在乡村治理出现诸多问题时应运而生的,在其发展过程中也面临着内外环境的困扰.综合性农协会走出困境,需要有法律法规和政策的支持,以及农协会自身制度建设,并与基层组织和村两委形成乡村治理中的互动关系.