家庭托育点管理实践及启示：政策工具的视角

家庭托育点的规范化对婴幼儿健康成长至关重要。通过文献收集和访谈获得既往管理举措和当前试点政策,运用政策工具进行分析和总结,探究管理家庭托育点的背景、对象和措施。结果表明：家庭托育点因经济优势而被纳入管理,现有征求意见稿管理对象偏向小规模邻托,但试点和市场偏向较大收托规模;消防审查依托既有消防验收,师资准入要求偏低,质量监管依靠政府。管理建议：应根据收托规模区分小型和大型家庭托育点开展试点;完善三方协同的管理架构,设定专门空间环境要求,提高师资准入要求,建立综合质量监管。     

格式条款规制标准研究

目的/意义 平台经营者掌握着优势的规制权力,且可能对平台内经营者实施排他、歧视和剥削等不合理限制交易的行为,直接损害平台内经营者的合法权益,阻碍平台市场的自由和公平竞争,迫切需要法律规制。 设计/方法 通过对《电子商务法》实施前的法律规制体系梳理,可知平台经营者不合理限制交易的格式条款规制和竞争法规制兼存在漏洞。一方面,提示说明义务弱化、公平原则适用困难、平台规则备案审查作用有限,使格式条款规制体系无力应对;另一方面,不合理限制交易行为难以被《反垄断法》和《反不正当竞争法》规制体系完全覆盖。 结论/发现 《电子商务法》第35条通过设置不合理限制交易的“禁止+合理抗辩”条款,专门规定行政法律责任,是对平台经营者不合理限制交易法律规制的发展。《电子商务法》第35条所蕴含的“相对优势地位”“不合理限制”“明显不合理限制”等关键实施要点,有待进一步丰富、充实。     

私法自治原则的基础

私法自治的原则萌芽于罗马法,产生于18、19世纪资产阶级革命的历史背景下,并被《法国民法典》以明确的条文确认。私法自治于18世纪末19世纪初得到法律的确认有其深刻的理论基础与实践基础:它奠基于当时的哲学、伦理学以及经济学的理论基础之上,又扎根于市民社会与政治国家分离的实践基础上。     

苏格拉底正义思想解读

苏格拉底从培养个人道德出发来阐释正义,寻求德性在实践上与生活的内在一致性;他以美德为知识,把德性因素注入到正义观念之中,赋予正义内在伦理性的内涵,从德性和智性中来寻求把握,通过个人自制伦理的方式获取正义,并以法的形式维护正义。     

“承认”作为国家秩序与国际秩序的原则

费希特和黑格尔都在国家间的承认和个人阃的承认之间进行类比.在他们那个时代,西方国家的契约社会已经建立起来,个体之间不再需要为承认而斗争;在国际事务中,国与国之间仍然处干自然状态,仍需要为承认而斗争.当今世界,国家之间的相互承认已经成为国际交往的前提,承认范畴已经不再是国际法的逻辑起点.     

Preschoolers' Attachment to Mother and Risk for Adjustment Problems in Kindergarten: Can Teachers Make a Difference?

Based on attachment theory, two aims were addressed. Firstly, we tested whether close teacher–child relationships may buffer children who are less securely attached to their mothers against negative outcomes, such as aggressive behavior. Secondly, our study evaluated whether teacher sensitivity may protect less securely attached children against forming less close relationships with their teachers. In a sample of 127 children, mother–child attachment was observed in preschool. In kindergarten, teacher sensitivity was observed, and teacher–child closeness and child aggressive behavior were rated by the teacher. Results of multilevel hierarchical regression analyses first showed that with high teacher–child closeness, less securely attached children are no longer at risk for more aggressive behavior. Secondly, it was found that with high teacher sensitivity, less securely attached children are no longer at risk for developing less close relationships with their teachers.     

论消法对高校与学生纠纷的有限适用

学界对消法能否适用于学校与大学生之间的纠纷有肯定说和否定说两种观点,采取折衷说既正视高等教育消费的时代特点,同时固守了教育公益性的本质。高等教育体制改革以来,高等教育消费成为生活消费,高校从单一的教育管理者身份向兼具教育服务者的双重身份转变,频繁发生的高校侵犯学生合法权益事件需要消法对高校与学生纠纷的适用。法学界对＂经营者＂的重新认识与首例高等教育消费案的审判结果使消法适用于大学生成为可能。消法的适用首先应遵守教育规律、尊重高校学术自治权,且不能替代行政诉讼法。大学生是有限的消费者,应突出其安全权、财产权、隐私权、知悉权、求偿权和诉讼权六大消费权益。     

Child custody issues and co‐occurrence of intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: controversies and points of agreement amongst practitioners

The situation of families undergoing separation in a context of co‐occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment raises certain issues related to child custody. The results presented in this paper were collected and analysed within the framework of a qualitative study aiming to identify the principal points of agreement and the main controversies amongst practitioners in several different types of organizations. Focus groups were held with a total of 43 practitioners from six different settings concerned with child custody in cases of co‐occurrence of IPV and child maltreatment. Although they agreed on the importance of ensuring the safety of victims of violence, their views diverged on three points: (1) the importance of preserving the father–child relationship; (2) collaboration between voluntary organizations and semi‐voluntary or legal agencies; and (3) consideration of cultural differences.     

'I made some mistakes . . . but I love them dearly' the views of parents of children in informal kinship care

In-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 parents of children living with relatives in informal kinship care arrangements revealed the parents' views of the reasons for the informal kinship care arrangements, quality of their relationships with the children and their caregivers, their current and future roles in their children's lives, feelings experienced when with and away from the children, positive and negative aspects of kinship care, future goals and dreams for their children, and their assessments of their own strengths and challenges. Results of these interviews suggest several implications for social work practice and research.     

关键术语的法律解释对林业法实施的影响

在环境法实施过程中,不同利益主体基于自身立场对环境法做出的解释,很大程度上影响着环境公平与正义的实现。林业法的关键术语的法律解释,在林业法的实施过程中也同样具有重要影响。林业法的关键术语具有十分明显的技术性、行业性和综合性特征,因此,对林业法的关键术语做出符合林业技术规范和行业管理特点的法律解释,以及通过林业法的解释这一桥梁实现不同部门法之间的沟通,对林业法的正确实施无疑起着决定性作用。